s edwards

 Policy Issue and Solution Assignment 

feedback from literature review assignment:  Overall,  this submission met the criteria for the grade awarded. However, there  are some opportunities for improvement. See my rubric comments and  markup file attachment for errors. Be certain that the instructions and  rubric are well understood before beginning work. Review the proper  citation format (and rules) in the current APA Publication Manual or a  similar, reliable reference. Added review time and/or Online Writing  Center assistance is recommended. Errors aside, this was a readily  useful submission 

attached are the instructions for current assignment as well as the literature review

REQD. RUNNING HEAD MISSING 1

A Literature Review on the Impact of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force Incidents and Community Trust in the Criminal Justice System

Shaquanna Edwards

Liberty University

February 23, 2025

REQUIRED ABSTRACT IS MISSING

A Literature Review on the Impact of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force Incidents and Community Trust in the Criminal Justice System

The use of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) has been a central interest of criminal justice scholarship, particularly concerning the use of force interactions and public trust. The extensive implementation of BWCs in police forces in the U.S. and globally has created controversies over their effectiveness in reducing police use of force, enhancing transparency, and promoting improved relationships with communities. This review of literature critically assesses current academic literature on the effect of BWCs on incidents of use of force and community trust, analyzes alternative solutions, and argues for or against whether the general diffusion of BWCs is warranted. While several scholars advocate for the use of BWCs as a tool for accountability, others argue that the use of BWCs depends on implementation, policy controls, and external variables such as citizen-police relationships and institutional trust in law agencies. This synthesis draws together large studies of research, fills areas lacking in research studies, and specifies policy aspects of BWC adoption. CITATION REQUIRED Comment by Seguin, Timothy Jay (Helms School of Government): A clear, concise, and recognizable thesis statement is missing. See the rubric.

Research Questions

1. What is the impact of police body-worn cameras on the frequency and severity of use of force incidents?

2. How do body-worn cameras influence community trust in law enforcement agencies?

3. Are body-worn cameras an effective tool for enhancing transparency and accountability in policing?

Theoretical Framework

Procedural justice theory and deterrence theory constitute the theoretical framework for this literature review. Procedural justice theory has the argument argues that the legitimacy of the police is directly attributed to the fairness and transparency of their actions (Martin & Bradford, 2021). Where the police officers are perceived to be acting transparently and fairly, the public’s trust in the police increases. The implementation of BWCs can aid in promoting procedural justice by providing objective evidence of police interactions, which can ensure that the police officers act more professionally and courteously towards toward members of the public. Deterrence theory suggests that police body cameras will dissuade police officers and members of the public from misconduct because they are more likely to be caught and held responsible (Out et al., 2022). It assumes that individuals make a rational decision based on the perceived cost and benefit of their actions. With regard to Concerning BWCs, the mere fact that interactions are being recorded can make officers more cautious when dealing with civilians, reducing the use of excessive force. However, other researchers argue that deterrence is unreliable because officers can become accustomed to cameras with time or act differently based on whether or not they expect footage to be scrutinized. CITATIONS REQUIRED

Literature Review

The Impact of Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force Incidents

The use of BWCs has been studied in detail in the use of force cases. Gaub et al. (2021) analyzed the impact of BWCs on police use of force and their study showed a steep decline in use of force cases when police officers were wearing BWCs. The authors asserted that the presence of cameras had a “self-awareness” impact, with civilians and officers becoming more cautious in their interactions and consequently generating fewer use of force use-of-force incidents. Not all studies have seen a persistent effect of BWCs on the use of force, however. Lee et al. (2021) claim that BWCs’ impact may be conditional on the context, for instance, what the policy governing their use is, how much officer training, and how healthy relations between law enforcement and the public are. Furthermore, other scholars add that while BWCs may reduce force in some cases, they cannot do much to prevent aggressive policing in more institutional cases of excessive force. Critics of BWCs reply that technology is not sufficient to reduce instances of force use. For example, the effectiveness of BWCs is contingent on the general organizational police department culture (Lum et al., 2020). If officers feel no expectation that the video will be used against them, then the deterrent effect of BWCs is limited. Additionally, studies such as that by Out et al. (2022) contended against the misuse of BWCs by toggling cameras off and on when they want to, negating the usefulness of such technology. Also, during moments of extreme stress, officers may respond habitually and not be aware of a camera, cutting down on the extended advantages of BWCs in reducing the use of force.

The Influence of Body-Worn Cameras on Community Trust

Police use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) has been widely debated as a method to enhance transparency, accountability, and eventually trust in the community. There is evidence that BWCs can influence the attitudes of the public toward police legitimacy, particularly when officers apply procedurally just interaction (Mrozla, 2021). Procedural justice in this case refers to respectful and fair treatment by the police, which has been proven to be a significant variable in how individuals perceive BWCs. Mrozla (2021) indicates the role of officer behavior in determining how much BWCs will sustain public trust. Officers will create more confidence with communities if they use BWCs as one part of an effort to create equity, rather than using them as surveillance technologies. Bennett et al. (2023) also found that BWCs affect self-initiated police-initiated interactions. Their study shows that the existence of BWCs can be a contributing factor to more positive interactions between citizens and police officers. By being more transparent and potentially deterring bad behavior, BWCs can provide an increased sense of safety, which in turn can result in improved community relations as a whole. The mere existence of BWCs does not automatically mean increased trust, though. Trust is in whether or not the police action is being perceived as being fair, respectful, and responsible by the community. How BWC video is gathered and interpreted is a the second highest value to be taken into consideration. Korva et al. (2022) cite the observation that from which viewpoint the BWC video is shot will be fairly determinant determine on how the public perceives the actions of the police. Their findings reveal that shooting through the eyes of the officer might cause the witness to perceive a situation differently compared to when a third-party spectator records the film. This implies significant implications on for the use of BWC recordings in an investigation, public disclosure, and media report reports. If selected videos are only released or given in a format that would benefit the police, they might lower instead of build building public confidence. While BWCs contain the potential for establishing community trust, it is not guaranteed. BWC BWC’s impact is contingent on the overall environment in which they are being introduced, including officer behavior, policy guidelines on the use of recordings, and citizen perception of incidents recorded. In addition, transparency about how BWC policies are created—whether or not officers can turn the cameras on and off at their discretion—also plays a critical role in trust.

Competing Solutions and Policy Implications

While body-worn cameras (BWCs) are increasing in popularity as a mechanism to build police accountability and public trust, their efficacy has been contested. They are criticized on the grounds that because BWCs alone do not necessarily lead to intended consequences, i.e., a reduction in the application of force or improved compliance by officers with procedural justice norms. This has fueled discussion regarding other possible solutions and the need to have an adequate policy framework which that pairs BWCs with other mechanisms of keeping the police accountable. Adams (2022) observes that although the dissemination of BWCs has gained pace, it is still not reliably present in research work that it has served to tame control police use-of-force behavior. This could mean that, alone, BWCs are not able to influence the behavior of the police. Instead, their success will be dependent on officer training, policy within the department, and the degree to which BWC data is used for oversight. Adams’ findings imply that changing policing cannot exclusively rest on technology but must be linked to broader modifications in policing strategies and practices for community outreach. Comment by Timothy Seguin: As my own research shows, BWCs cannot take the place of proper training, supervision practices, and personnel selection practices. Too many users and pundits expect BWCs as a panacea for all police related problems. Comment by Timothy Seguin: Don’t use colloquialisms, slang, or jargon in academic writing.

Perhaps the most significant obstacle in implementing BWCs is how to interpret video that has been recorded. Schneider (2023) also notes that BWC video is not necessarily objective and can be interpreted in various ways depending on the context in which the video is watched. For instance, the editing of video presentations seen in the media or before a court might influence public perception of police behavior. It would be relevant to consider whether BWCs would encourage transparency at all or be selectively used for substantiating the claims of the police. It is imperative for policymakers to introduce Policymakers must introduce proper guidelines on storing, retrieving, and disseminating BWC videos to the public in response to this dilemma. Elkins-Brown et al. (2023) also argue that the performance of the police cannot be judged based only on BWC footage but that other measures must be used. Their research permits the development of effective measures for gauging police accountability, such as monitoring misconduct complaint patterns, civilian surveys of satisfaction, and independent review of police contacts. These actions are able to can make more informative measurements regarding policing consequences and to properly enforce BWCs within the context of an all-encompassing accountability system.

Critiques and Limitations of Existing Literature

Despite the large amount of literature created on BWCs, some criticisms and flaws such as inconsistency in methodology, absence of longitudinal research, difficulties in interpreting footage from BWCs, and the broader social-political landscape within which BWCs are used do exist. While even most studies make reference refer to such possible benefits such as increased police accountability and improved community trust, inconsistent results are the norm within real-world complex policing. Also, gaps in the literature include evidence of BWC BWC’s long-term effects and BWC BWC’s efficacy in diverse policing contexts. CITATION REQUIRED

Limitations in current literature are largely due to a lack of methodological uniformity between studies. There are plenty of studies of diverse research designdesigns, samplesamples, and measurement measurements with a tendency making to make comparison comparisons across findings across jurisdictions extremely difficult. For example, some research is based on officer self-reports, whereas others utilize crime statistics or civilian complaints to measure the effect of BWCs. Gaub et al. (2021) noted reductions in use-of-force occurrences as police officers had worn BWCs, although alternative studies by scholars like Lum et al. (2020) suggest the impact to be situation-dependent rather than omnipresent. Lack of standardization between research methods is a contributing factor to conflicting results, and policymakers are challenged to make informed policy decisions.

Another limitation is the limited timeframe for most studies, thereby restricting knowledge on BWCs’ long-term impact on policing behaviors and public trust. The majority of studies track the effect of BWCs for a few years or a few months without taking into account how officers and civilians acclimatize to them in the long term. Out et al. (2022) observe that officers might alter their behavior initially because cameras are available but soon become used to them, lowering the deterrence impact of BWCs. This leaves questions about the effectiveness of BWCs to be maintained as a way of preventing police abuse and building public trust.

Another criticism is one concerning the use and interpretation of BWC recordings. While BWC videos tend to be presented as objective truth, a paper by Korva et al. (2022) suggests that the framing and angle of a camera can make a significant impact on how citizens perceive police encounters. Officer-point-of-view could present the conduct of the police as justified, while third-party video might film the same thing differently. Additionally, Schneider (2023) argues that police agencies control when and how videos are made public, potentially manipulating the narrative to their favor. Such video selectivity generates skepticism over transparency and whether BWCs enhance accountability. The broader socio-political and institutional context within which BWCs are employed is key to their success. Studies too seldom explore the degree to which police culture, community relations, and local policy influence BWC results. Where departments lack strict policy on when BWCs must be turned on or even whether selective disengagement of BWCs is allowable for officers, technology effectiveness decreases. Further, Elkins-Brown et al. (2023) argue that BWCs should be viewed in their context with respect to concerning other elements of accountability such as civilian boards of oversight and independent review panels, rather than in isolation.

The Role of Policy and Training in BWC Effectiveness

The effectiveness of body-worn cameras (BWCs) highly depends on policies governing their application and the training officers receive with respect to concerning their deployment. Though BWCs have been largely employed as a way of policing to promote accountability and transparency in police services, their efficacy largely depends on the integration of their use into police practices. Research has shown that explicit, actionable policies and lengthy training protocols must be instituted in order to to maximize the potential of BWCs and mitigate officer apprehension about their use (Potter, 2021).

One key policy consideration is how much officer discretion there should be in turning on and off BWCs. Research indicates that the more discretion officers have to turn cameras off and on, the less effective BWCs are at reducing use-of-force incidents. To illustrate, a large multi-site RCT demonstrated that in the agencies where the rate of adherence to BWC was high and officers routinely captured their encounters, incidents involving force decreased by 37%. However, where the officers had greater flexibility in documenting, use-of-force cases were not reduced and, in some situations, increased (Thomsen, 2020). This suggests that policies mandating automatic documentation by BWCs during such very particular interactions—traffic stops, searches, and use-of-force encounters—are crucial to ensure their effectiveness. Training is also central to establishing if the officers use BWCs correctly and in accordance with following policy. Potter (2021) determined that the majority of officers perceive BWCs as a surveillance tool and not no accountability, and therefore resistant to and non-compliant with use. Other officers fear that video will selectively be used in disciplinary measures and not as an unbiased account of contacts. This mentality has produced a culture of resentment in some police forces, with officers going out of their way to disable BWCs or refusing to activate them (Potter, 2021).

Ethical and Privacy Concerns

The use of BWCs raises critical ethical as well as privacy concerns to both law enforcement organizations and society in general. While BWCs are intended to enhance police transparency and accountability, they raise issues of complexities to citizens’ human rights captured by videos, data storage as well as data management, and officers’ privacy (Thomsen, 2020). One of the most significant ethical concerns is the conflict between public accountability and individual privacy. BWC recordings often include civilians in extremely sensitive interactions, such as in-house disputes, medical cases, or interactions with crime victims. In such cases, unrestricted access to recordings—via public records requests, media release releases, or court use—can infringe on individuals’ privacy rights (Thomsen, 2020). Police departments are between a rock and a hard place in making recordings available for reasons of accountability without compromising the dignity and confidentiality of the individuals being recorded. Policies to govern when and in what circumstances footage is released and when redaction is required are necessary to address this concern. Comment by Timothy Seguin: Do not use slang, jargon, or colloquialisms is academic writing.

Officer workplace surveillance and privacy is an enormous concern as well. BWCs are viewed as tools for the perpetual observation of officers, generating distrust and morale problems in police departments. Officers feel that supervisors use BWC video selectively for subordinating officers to the command level and not as a neutral instrument for the good of everyone involved in reviewing incidents (Potter, 2021). This has resulted in some resistance to adopting BWCs, while others have tampered with or refused to activate their cameras. The outrage against BWCs as a means of monitoring instead of accountability demonstrates a demand for policies that clearly define the use of footage so that officers utilize BWCs as a fair mechanism and not a mechanism of punishment (Potter, 2021). In addition, data storage and access are legally and ethically problematic. There is enormous storage of BWC footage that needs to be safeguarded, with regulations on who accesses and edits video. Misuse or disclosure of BWC footage sabotages investigations, violates privacy rights, and undermines the public’s trust in the system (Lum et al., 2020).

The Impact of BWCs on Police Behavior and Decision-Making

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are ubiquitously applied in hopes of them influencing the behavior of police officers and improving decision-making. BWCs may expand officer accountability, promote professionalism, and assist in reducing the deployment of excessive force, based on studies. However, their success is deeply dependent upon policy enforcement and officer compliance. Findings reveal that, where when officers perceive that their acts are being scrutinized, they will behave more cautiously and in professional ways, thereby reducing abusive policing behavior (Gaub et al., 2021). This aligns with deterrence theory, under which the mere presence of BWCs provides an incentive that prevents police officers as well as members of the public from misbehaving. Even with these potential advantages, research indicates that BWCs are not always responsible for producing changes in police behavior.

Lee et al. (2024) explain that, on certain occasions, officers do not turn on their BWCs while handling instances of high tension either involuntarily or as a result of the absence of procedures. Additionally, BWCs used after the escalation of an interaction might fail to capture a full video recording of the interaction, thus impairing the understanding of incidents. In addition, Potter (2021) adds that others also avoid using BWCs for fear of inappropriate questioning or discipline, thus periodic deployment. Even though BWCs can increase police conduct and decision-making, their effects hinge on good policy, appropriate training, and officer willingness to conform to use practices. The futureFuture research has to take into account how BWCs could be combined with other accountability mechanisms so that full utilization can be attained. CITATION REQUIRED

The Role of Public Perception and Media Coverage

Public attitudes and press coverage have huge power over public opinion of BWCs and their use. Some believe in the potential of BWCs to increase police legitimacy through transparency and accountability, particularly in contentious use-of-force events (Mrozla, 2021). When records are made available to the public for release, they can become an independent record of police contact, perhaps countering suspicion of the law enforcement climate. Moreover, positive media coverage of BWC photos that show ethical policing can help reinforce public confidence in the police. Nevertheless, the influence of BWCs on public opinion is not always straightforward. Media framing can influence the interpretation of BWC footage to a significant degree. Schneider (2023) finds that selective release of BWC recordings acquits or condemns officers, depending on how the footage is framed. In addition, Korva et al. (2022) found that camera angle has the potential to impact how the public perceives police actions, as officer-worn cameras sometimes do not give a full picture of an interaction. Selective framing can build or destroy trust in law enforcement based on how events are framed. Comment by Timothy Seguin: This depends largely on the editorial decisions of the media outlet. Police doing something right (which is the vast majority of BWC footage) does not make for interesting news stories.

Public access to videos of BWCs is yet another concern. The majority of police departments possess policies that limit the release of footage, and it has been accused of holding back evidence for cases of claimed police misconduct (Adams, 2022). Lack of transparency can dissolve the perceived legitimacy of BWCs, particularly when the footage is released once internal reviews side with law enforcement officers. The effectiveness of BWCs is dependent on transparent policies regarding the release of video and ethical media reporting. Policymakers must balance actions to ensure that BWC recordings are deployed fairly and uniformly so that they do not reinforce harmful attitudes toward the police.

The Future of BWCs and Emerging Technologies

The future of BWCs is highly interdependent with technology innovations and policy reform. As BWCs are being used more and more, new capabilities like AI-powered video analysis, real-time facial recognition, and automated transcription capabilities can enhance BWCs’ usefulness in policing (Thomsen, 2020). AI-powered analytics can help the police agencies detect patterns of abuses, and enable case investigation, and officer training. These technologies are ethically and legally contentious too. Its use alongside BWCs has been condemned as a tool that can be discriminative and privacy-invasive in nature, especially in minority communities’ over-surveillance (Lum et al., 2020). Moreover, safeguarding data and access to audio recordings remain sweeping issues that policy-makers policymakers need to tackle (Potter, 2021). With more and more BWCs being implemented, their impact will be policies that ensure accountability finds its counterpart in morals. The futureFuture research needs to focus on the issue of how to employ fresh technology more effectively for improved policing but in a fair and clear way fairly and clearly. Comment by Timothy Seguin: The validity of this depends on the venue. US privacy laws differ greatly from UK, EU, etc. Added research and analysis is necessary.

Conclusion and Recommendations L1 Heading error

Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) have been the focus of widespread controversy over their impact on police accountability, use-of-force use of force, and public trust. Although BWCs have been shown to be are effective in presenting more professional officer behavior and more transparency, their effectiveness depends on usage policies, officer compliance, and public perception. Empirical evidence indicates that where BWCs are implemented, they can reduce the frequency of excessive force encounters and procedural injustice and enhance procedural justice, and build public-police trust. Standardizing the application of BWCs and officers’ resistances resistance, privacy, and selectively disclosing video evidence continue to be matters of concern. Laws and regulations must then be enacted which that would automatically turn on BWCs in certain encounters, limit officer discretion, and designate storage and public access. Training sessions would need to be created, which would educate officers on the benefits of BWCs, not only for holding officials accountable to the public, but for themselves as well to prevent them from being unfairly accused. In the future, police may consider how they can best utilize BWCs in conjunction with emerging technology, including AI-driven analysis and automatic video evidence processing, while at the same time ensuring moral controls. The long-term effectiveness of BWCs and how their best-practicesbest practices can be replicated to increase productivity needs to be further researched. Lastly, while BWCs may prove to be a valuable means of ensuring transparency, they need to be part of a comprehensive scheme of police accountability measures in order toto facilitate meaningful reform of police practice. CITATIONS REQUIRED Comment by Seguin, Timothy Jay (Helms School of Government): These are policy issues identified already by Ariel and others. They are not legal issues. Added research and analysis are necessary.

References

Adams, I. T. (2022). 
Modeling officer perceptions of body-worn cameras: A national survey ([Doctoral dissertation, The University of Utah). ].

https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/fnxbg/providers/osfstorage/6319e5058facb02840623f81?action=download&direct&version=1

CITATION ERROR, UNSCHOLARLY

Bennett, R. R., Bartholomew, B., Baxter, S. K., Champagne, H., & Schuler, E. R. (2023). The effects of body-worn cameras on self-initiated police encounters. 
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26(3), 333-354.

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Elkins‐Brown, N., James, S., & James, L. (2023). Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police‐community member interactions. 
Criminology & Public Policy, 
22(2), 347-384.

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Gaub, J. E., Todak, N., & White, M. D. (2021). The distribution of police use of force across patrol and specialty units: A case study in BWC impact. 
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17(4), 545-561.

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Korva, N., Bennell, C., Lalumière, M. L., & Karimullah, M. (2022). What do you see? Understanding perceptions of police use of force videos as a function of the camera perspective. 
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Lee, J., Yoo, C. W., Wang, J., & Rao, H. R. (2024). Use of Body Worn Camera (BWC) In Gray Scenarios: a Law Enforcement Officers’ Perspective. 
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Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Wilson, D. B., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., … & Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body‐worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. 
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Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Wilson, D. B., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., … & Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body‐worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. 
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Potter, E. L. (2021). 
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Schneider, C. J. (2023). Police Accounts of Body‐Worn Camera Footage in News Media. 
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SEMINAL RESEARCH FROM BARAK ARIEL AND COLLEAGUES IS MISSING; THIS IS A SUPERFICIAL REVIEW AT BEST.

CJUS 703

CJUS 703

Research Paper Assignment Instructions

There are two steps to this Research Paper Assignment:

1. Research Paper: Topic Selection with Research Questions Assignment

2. Research Paper: Policy Issue and Solution Assignment

Please see the instructions for each part below:

Research Paper: Topic Selection with Research Questions Assignment

Overview

The assignments in this course are built upon one another. These assignments are to reflect the path one takes in the dissertation process. This assignment and the ones that follow are to be of the same topic and to build completing the Research Paper: Policy Issue and Solution Assignment. Select a topic that you are interested in exploring this term. Pick Research Questions and include a Bibliography to support the proposed Research Paper and Literature Review in the future modules.

Instructions

During this course, the student will compose an original Literature Review on a current topic or trend in criminal justice (see the instructions for the
Literature Review Assignment). In preparation for the
Literature Review Assignment, the student will submit his/her topic for approval, along with a preliminary Bibliography. The preliminary Bibliography must include at least 6 scholarly resources that are significant to the topic (current, relevant, credible, and each carries its weight), with a clear and meaningful connection between all the resources. The student must identify a research question for his/her topic. The students must properly follow the current APA style. The items to include are outlined as follows:

· Length of assignment: 2-5 pages

· Information that is excluded from this length (e.g. title page, abstract, reference section, etc.)

· Format of assignment: Current APA

· Number of citations: Minimum of two (2)

· Acceptable sources: Scholarly articles published within the last five years, the course textbook, and the Bible.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Research Paper: Policy Issue and Solution Assignment Instructions

Overview

As you prepare to author a dissertation, one aspect is the solution to the research problem. This assignment empowers you, the scholar, to reflect on a specific problem within law enforcement and offer probable solutions.

Instructions

You will author a 20-25-page research-oriented paper. The paper must focus on policy analysis regarding Correctional Policy. The paper must also be in the current APA format. The current APA headers must be current APA Level 1 headings for Problem, Significance, and Solution. The subthemes of the solution section must contain current APA Level 2 headings or beyond. The paper must include a minimum of 15 references in addition to the course textbook and the Bible. All references must be academic/peer-reviewed sources. You must meet the criteria below:

· Identify an issue that needs to be addressed.

· Discuss the problem in a few brief paragraphs.

· Discuss the significance of the problem (the significance discussion must contain many of your references). The significance section of the paper must contain why the issue is significant, what is being done by other departments or agencies, what law is applicable, and any other issues that can be identified as significant. This significance section of the paper must be thorough and leave no additional questions.

· Propose a solution in the form of policy or guidance toward a policy. The solution must involve a minimum of 3 choices: do nothing, incremental approach, and full implementation. The solution section of the paper must have enough of an explanation of the solution so that an executive would be able to make an informed decision from your explanation. The solution must also have sub-themes. Some subthemes are: impact to department, impact to external stakeholders, and impact to budget. There may be other sub-themes in addition to or in replacement of those listed above.

· Must have a section relating how a Christian worldview does or may change potential proposed solutions. This must be a section and not merely a sentence or two.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

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