The attached file is real data that is being used to create a measure of sympathetic magic. (It is the irrational connection of items that are believed to lead to harm/pleasure when they are not actually harmful/beneficial. This construct can be broken into two laws: the law of contagion objects that were once in contact influence each other through transfer of properties; and the law of similarity, objects that resemble each other share fundamental properties.) The measure is attached as well.
Measure x Measure x – Alternative Formats
For this assignment, conduct a reliability analysis of the internal consistency of items in SPSS (ANALYZE->SCALE->RELIABILITY ANALYSIS). You can use the default settings of Cronbach’s Alpha.
That was probably a
little easier than the prior weeks
because it’s focused on missing data and less
tied to your studies. But hopefully you’re
getting a little bit of a better sense of how you
feel about using, you know, established instruments
versus creating your own. It did take me longer
to do the week to grading because I’m
trying to give people feedback, especially
if I notice, you know, issues with their instruments
or their concepts. So each week I’m trying
to kind of help you get a little closer to
having something usable, at least for weeks five
and six, where you are supposed to be having
some clear constructs, having instruments that
are reliable and valid. So I want to talk to
us a little bit more about that before we
get into the concepts for this week,
because I want you to, you know, obviously when you have
time, especially this week, because the
assignment’s pretty quick, you know, make sure
you’re spending some time, looking for instruments
if you don’t have them yet for your weeks five
and six assignments. So I’m not spending
a lot of time, you know, giving you feedback on something like your sample, although I might I might
mention something if I’m concerned, like, how
are you going to have access to that sample?
Like as an example, I had a student who spent
like a year trying to get to be able to do research with
the military and the military has their own research
teams so they just you know even though he had a lot
of friends and had a lot of contacts it’s just that’s
not going to go anywhere um i’m not i shouldn’t say never
say never but i just think that’s probably not a
realistic in a short time frame to try to be able to do
um likewise i might make a comment if i’m not really
clear are you these instruments that you would be doing
with teachers or is it instruments you’d be doing
with students or is it both you know because sometimes people
would talk about both and you can potentially do both
but again that might take longer what I’m mainly
spending time on though but yes Frank that’s right to IRB
is the other thing I always say because I used to work
with students on their master’s thesis but also because
besides dissertations, but now our master’s students
do a capstone project, so they don’t have to go through
the IRB and all of that. But sometimes
people would want to do studies at their
place of work. And sometimes companies
or businesses are happy to give access and other times
they’re not. And so sometimes if you loosely talk to them
about it, they might be like, oh, yeah, maybe but
if you don’t have it in writing and you don’t get
like that letter saying like giving irb pending irb approval
like we give you permission to do it if they’re not
like super excited about it and you didn’t talk to
the top person like don’t rely on being able to do
it at your company or your homeless shelter or your
foster care agency or whatever so you know i’m not spending
a lot of time though i’m not focused on your sample
i’m not even focused on your research design because
what is this class about? Psychometrics, right? So we’re going to, and if your study
is something totally different where
you’re not going to use validated and
reliable instruments, well, you’re still going
to have to do that in this class, right? But most of
our students do do studies that use instruments that
are validated and reliable. Like there might be a
situation where you’re doing an experiment and
you’re creating your own instrument or something like
that. Or maybe some of your instruments are validated,
but others aren’t. For example, I have a student
doing a proposal defense at the end of this week,
and she is doing her study on yoga, and she was really
interested in yoga practice and how that relates to
mindfulness and stress. obesity. Well, so she actually has a few
validated instruments, like related to stress
and mindfulness. But then obesity, you know, we just calculate BMI with height and weight. You know, yoga practice,
there’s not really a validated instrument for
that, but you can ask people questions about,
like, how often they do yoga and things like
that. So I’m not saying everything in your study
has to be validated. But for this class, you are going to have
to have instruments that are validated
and reliable for your weeks, five
and six experiments. And hopefully you can
use them. And hopefully that’ll be useful to you.
But it’s not set in stone. You don’t have to use them
for your dissertation. It’s just an exercise. But again, it can put
you ahead of the game if you can find some
instruments that really work for you and that
you’re excited about. Does anybody have questions
about that before we move on to, you know, what
we’re doing this week? This is unrelated, but
I’ve been thinking about it so I can start asking
permission our work. What was the
minimum participant requirement that
Kaiser requires? What do you mean the
number of people? Participants, yeah, is it
depending on the measurement that I’m using or is
there a requirement? Yeah, well, it really depends
on your power analysis. So I’m sorry because obviously
there’s a lot of you. I don’t remember what you’re
interested in exploring. But I will say that if you’re not doing an experiment, like if you’re doing a survey, which, again, a
lot of our students do surveys with
validated instruments. I would say typically, you
know, a power analysis if you have like three variables
and you’re doing regressions would probably put you
at about 76 participants. And then we say, you know,
add an extra 20% in case, you know, there’s some issues
with missing data and things like that. So I would try
roughly, you know, 90 to 100. But again, you have to
calculate your power analysis depending on your research
design and your study. Now, I’ve had some
students do experiments, and those are smaller.
Those can be smaller. I’ve also had a student who
I wasn’t on, I wasn’t her chair, but I was on her
committee who did a kind of cool study in the workplace
was like before and after training. and I can’t
remember what her sample was, but I think she actually
had a decent sample. But I think in some of these
studies where you might be looking at people at
more than one time period, then maybe you don’t
meet quite as many people as well. So I know that’s
not a straight answer. That makes sense, but
not as quite as many people, how much would
that be compared to 100? let me be like 30 per
group oh so if you’re doing you’re like an experiment
where you’re I don’t know yet I’m just I have to
present something at work so they’ll let me even
like I just an idea of what I would do right well I
mean that’s that’s that’s that’s a really you know
like an it depends kind of kind of question i mean it
really kind of depends um i have an idea now that
that’s okay oh yeah i mean it could be 20 per group it
could be 30 per group you know it really depends i
really don’t know unless you know we kind of hand more
info um yeah i have an idea now okay yeah you know
experiments are kind of totally different and and not
totally different but they’re different in terms of a
lot of times the statistics that you’re going to be using
and that’s why the power analysis matters but and
sometimes you can kind of model that off of another
study like i did research when i was a graduate student
with kids and so you know then you might if especially
if you have a lot of different conditions you
might just have like 10 to 15 kids in a group but they
have to be pretty close in age so that you could say
like well this is my group of two-year-olds this is my
group of three-year-olds, so on and so forth. You
know what I mean? So, but yeah, I would say maybe
look at another study that is doing something similar
or, you know, like you might want to do, and that
might give you an idea, too. Yeah, that makes
sense. Thank you. Sure. If an instrument is being used with a certain population, does that exclude it from being used with another population? No, that’s a good question. Now, I did see some people
sometimes say, like, well, maybe I would
need to create a new instrument
because it hasn’t been done with this
particular population. And I don’t, there are situations
where that might be true, but it might just be
the case that it hasn’t been done with this
population yet. and you could get
additional metrics like showing that it can be
used with this sample. For example, some of the bigger instruments are
really widely used. They’ll have, they’ll report reliability
and validity in like all kinds of different
countries or with different ethnic groups or
different age groups, you know. So if it’s a really
good instrument, then it might work with a
lot of different groups. populations and
samples. So I would say, you know, that generally
it’s best if you can use something preexisting
that’s already out there. You know, I guess that’s what we
would hope, you know, I would hope that most of you
can come away with. Now, again, I’ve had students do experiments where they
had to have questionnaires that were more specific to
what they were studying. And I, even in one study I did probably, I don’t know, 10 years ago at this point, I used an existing instrument, the Peabody Pitcher
vocabulary test, but I was looking at
vocabulary learning. This was a study
through a Ready to Learn grant, so it was PBS. It was basically for PBS, but really the Department
of Education. And, you know, so for
these PBS shows that we wanted to see if kids
were learning vocabulary words, well, you want to
know if they’re learning those actual vocabulary
words. So I used a proven technique, the Peabody
Pitcher vocabulary test, but, you know, created ones for these
specific vocabulary words. are situations where you
can modify an existing measure but again if
there’s something out there that’s good like
why reinvent the wheel you know okay thank you good
a thank you very much okay um but yeah i think
uh you know again you’re not going to be like
committed to doing any of these but I’m just, and
if you guys have any questions about, you know,
that you want to talk about, you can let me know.
But obviously in your, typically in your dissertation, you would talk about
which instruments you’re going to use. And you might
even talk about, like, why you didn’t use other
instruments. So, for example, if you have
something like emotional intelligence, I would
hope that you know, like, what the difference
is between the different emotional
intelligence. instruments that are out
there or at least the really popular ones and
justify why you use yours. You know, same with
burnout or depression, self -esteem or whatnot. Now
you don’t need to go into that extensively if it’s
something like depression or stress, there’s
probably so many measures. But you want to pick
a stress one that’s tailored for your
population. Like if you’re looking at academic stress
of college students, maybe not just use
a general stress measure, but use an
academic stress measure. I had a student who was really interested in physical
self-efficacy, and she, I mean, there was
other things she was interested in, but
somebody on her committee really wanted her to use
general self-efficacy. And I actually think
in her particular case, because she was relating it
to things like how active the kids were, they were
high school students, if she had used a
physical self-efficacy measure, she might have
gotten better results. Like we just, you know, if you’re trying to
really, you know, you want it to be more specific
if you’re able to. But, you know, and that.
particular study we found that girls like who had a I believe
it was like higher GPAs had higher self-efficacy
and the boys who had higher physical activity had higher
self-efficacy so there were like gender and still
interesting gender differences so in that sense using
general self-efficacy was still interesting but again
I think you just you also want to kind of keep in mind
what you’re really trying to measure like if you’re
trying to measure like the states or the traits or
you know what it is you’re trying to measure and so that’s
why in week one we talked about constructs like what’s
our definition like what are we trying to look at
and then um week two just kind of thinking about like
oh are we going to develop our own or is there something
out there we could ready be using what are the pros
and cons of doing that. And obviously, at
that point, I didn’t expect you to have
all your instruments and be really evaluating them. But in weeks five and six,
you will be, you know, do these instruments
that you’re looking at have
reports of validity? Do they have reports
of reliability? Like, so that you could
back it up and have confidence that this is
a good measure to use. Okay. All right. So I’m going
to share my screen if nobody has any
other questions and we can kind of just
start talking about the topics for this week okay so um this
week our discussion focuses on um looking
at methods of assessing reliability So two
particular types, test, retest, and alternate forms. And then a third
type going about testing reliability of readers. So in this, you know, I
just want you to discuss these different ways of
assessing reliability. And then we will be focused on inter-observer reliability. for the assignment. So, you know, these are
talked about in your book, but I’d like you to, you know, generally talk about
a definition and give an example
for each of these. In terms of the assignment, in the classroom, there’s an attached file of
data, real data, that’s being used to create
a measure of sympathetic magic, which is the
irrational connection of items that are believed to
lead to harm or pleasure when they are not actually
harmful or beneficial. So this construct can be
broken into two laws, the law of contagion, objects
that were once in contact, influence each other through the transfer of properties, and law of similarity,
objects that resemble each other share
fundamental properties, and the measure is also
attached. And so for that reliability
analysis, you will be running an internal
consistency test. So I’m going to go over how
to do that in a minute. Let me just have
a screen share for a minute because
we want to see. Do we have to use SPS or can we use Jomobi? You can use Jemobi. I was just trying to see if I, sometimes Jomobi is like busy. And so it won’t let, you
know, it won’t let me use it or demo it. But I was
just going to, I want to just share, let me see
if I can share my screen. So you can use
either Jomovi or SVV. I’m trying to share it now. Let me see if this will work. So it looks like it’s
saying start session, but especially for those of you who have used Jomovi before, you’re welcome to use it. The commands are very
similar to SPSS. You know, you would
just need to, you know, open up your data file.
You can open up the data file that’s in the
classroom in Jomovi, and you should be able to do the analyses right from there. Have many of you
used Jumovie before? I have not. Never ever. All right, well,
let’s, let’s, I’m going to just going to go
back to the classroom. Okay, so I’m just going to go
back to finish you talking about the assignment.
So with the assignment, and again, I’m going
to demo this. There are two different folders
to submit to. If you’re in general psychology,
make sure you submit to the general psychology
folder. If you’re in I.O. Psychology, submit
to that folder. this is you will need to
submit your data output file and have a short
write-up but your write-up you know can just be like
one page or less it doesn’t you don’t have to write
up a lot this is like a very um simple analysis
so and you still sorry you still want it on with the
cover page and um references and all that other stuff
too no reference Okay. No references are needed. I think this week
would be the one exception where you
don’t need a cover page. But I only hesitate to say that because I don’t
want it to like, I don’t want to get
the message that you don’t need a cover
page. But this is kind of an exception. It’s
just a very brief. assignment and write
-up. And I think I can easily grade this one
just within Blackboard. Part of the challenge is
that I often will download papers so that I can look
at them offline. And then if people don’t have a cover
page, it gets very confusing. And also, that’s just kind of
a general protocol in the psychology
department to have cover pages and to be
using APA formatting. So it’s just kind
of good practice. So this week, I
will not penalize you if you do not
have a cover page. But all other weeks, you should make sure to have a cover page. Okay. Thank you. Sure. Okay, so I am going to do
the demo in SPSS, but I want to just, I’m going to
just try to um i will also try to at least like show
you how to open it up in jimovie i think i think i
can share my screen to do this but again jimovie
doesn’t always uh sometimes it will not work because it
will say that it’s busy because i don’t have a paid
version of jimovie if you have the paid version then
it always works and some people can download it i
think a lot of people like the desktop version, but
because this is a work computer, I don’t have administrative
privileges. And for whatever reason, probably
because of the administrative privileges, I can’t get
the desktop version to work. So I just said I
wanted it out of this device. So I said, I’m going to open the file off of this device. And then you can see it
just opens the data file right here and it’s
kind of nice you can see you know right in here
this sympathetic magic file that you’ll be working
with for your assignment this week um and there’s
you know variables or gender age and then the
different questions and again this sympathetic
magic scale is just kind of a lot of weird stuff,
maybe some icky stuff. I didn’t pick it
out, but it’s kind of interesting, maybe
something different. Okay, so I’m going to go back over to our data set. So for our data, we last week went through
and picked out a number of items that we thought
might be good for our self-esteem measure. So
in this new data file, I have participant ID number, age, ***, and then some different
self-esteem items. I did throw, in case we
wanted to use them, I did throw in just a few, I
think I took, maybe put one or two extra ones in
here just in case so that we could run our analyses
and make sure. we had enough items that we
were interested in. But I think what I’ll try to do
is just initially run it just with the items we
had, which was 13 items. What you do when you’re
running your analysis for Interobserver Reliability is
just go to analyze, scale, and reliability analysis. and then you need to
make sure that it’s alpha because we are calculating
Chromebacks alpha. In other words, inter
-observer reliability. What you will do or need
to do is you put in all the items that you want to
assess. I’m going to take this out because I just
ran it and was checking it to make sure this data
file I created was working. um but so what we’re going
to do is we’re going to put in these items so we
have another number of items like the first item
was i feel confident in my ability to handle life
challenges um but i’m just going to i’m not going to
read them all i’m just going to put them in here so
i have four five six all right so i have my um 13 items. And what I’m going to
do then is, again, I’ve checked that it has
the defaults of alpha. That’s what you want.
And then for statistics, the one thing you
do need to check is that you make sure you
have the descriptives for the scale if
the item is deleted. That’s primarily what
we’re going to be looking at and using
to determine if we want to keep an item or if
we want to remove it. Now with Chromebacks alpha, a good Chromebacks alpha is typically above 0.8 or 0.9. I have gotten some district,
you know, it really should be a number between 0 and
1. So the closer to 1 it is, just like a correlation,
the stronger it is. So if it’s above point eight or
it’s good and above point nine is excellent so that’s
what we’re looking for if you have a very low number
like point three or point two that means the items are
not hanging together that would be kind of problematic
so i’m going to click continue and okay all right so it’s
saying here that we have 189 participants and our
chromebacks alpha is point So a 0.622 would be
considered trying to remember what it is offhand. I
think it’s poor or poor or acceptable, but it’s
definitely not great, right? So we want to see if we
can get higher than that. So let’s look at each
item. So it says if I were to delete this
item, I feel confident in my my ability to handle
challenges in life. I’m going to go
look at this number, my Chromebex alpha, if deleted. If I were to take
that item out, my Chromex alpha would
go down to 0.476. So I don’t want to do that,
right? I don’t want my Chromebacks alpha to get
even closer to zero to get even worse. So I’m
definitely going to keep that item in. That looks, you
know, that looks like that’s probably a pretty
solid one. it’s going to drop my Chromex alpha
that much to take it out. If I check out, I
believe that I’m a person of worth, at least as
much as anyone else. It doesn’t really make
much of a difference. It’s 0.614 versus 0.622.
That’s less than, you know, that’s less than a 10th.
So I’m not going to, you know, worry about that.
That one’s probably okay. I feel proud of my
achievements. It has a really little.
increase like 0.04 if I were to take
that out. So again, not really much
of a difference. I accept myself as
I am. If I take that out, it says 0.624. So
that’s almost exactly the same. That’s a
difference of 0.002. So again, that one seems totally fine. If I took out, I feel that
I have good qualities that also is not a real change
it says chrome box alpha 0.476 well actually that
one’s saying that’s probably a pretty good one right
it’s contributing something new because it is making a
little bit of a difference it would make it worse if
i took it out i believe that i’m a person of
value it’s a pretty small difference I’m deserving of
respect goes down a little bit I can learn and grow
from my mistakes goes down a little bit I take constructive
criticism as a helpful tool well that’s that
one goes up quite a bit 0 .752 so I’m going to write
that down in my file here. If I were to take this one out, it’s going to go, it’s going
to increase my alpha to 0.752. So that’s one I’m
going to consider taking out. I take constructive
criticism as a helpful tool. I believe my opinions and
ideas are valuable. The Chromeback’s alpha is 0.46.
So again, that would make it worse if I took it out.
I don’t want to do that. I’m a good human.
it would go up to 0 .754 if I took it out.
So that’s, again, a good increase. So I’m going to consider taking
that one out. And then these next
two don’t look like big changes either.
I believe I can accomplish anything
I set my mind to. And I trust myself to make
important life decisions. So the only two we have
here that look like they’re really. really
making a big difference are these two, that
I take constructive criticism as a helpful
tool and I’m a good human. Now, we also want
to think about if they add something unique. But maybe I am a good
human is just kind of similar to some of the
other ones we have. so you know you can either
I think what we would want to do is try to take
that one out and then if I take constructive
criticism as a helpful tool we would maybe take that
one out as well but I think I’m going to just because
I take constructive criticism as a helpful
tool is a little different I think we’ll just
do them one at a time so I’m going to say
this is my first attempt you know to change
it I’m not just take out this one that I’m a
good human and see how much it changes my Chromebacks
alpha so I’m going to go back to analyze scale
reliability analysis and I’m just going to take
out I am a good human and see what we get for our
results so it does move up to what it told us it
would, which was 0.754. But now it says if I take
out constructive criticism as a helpful tool, my Chromex
alpha will go above 0.8, which is what we want,
right? We want to be above 0 .8. So it looks like we
definitely should take out. I take constructive criticism
as a helpful tool as well. So that’s going to be my
second, my second, you know, revision here. So I’m going to take out,
I take a constructive criticism and see if
this is going to make my instrument stronger to remove
that item and rerun it. So now our Chromebex alpha
is point 872. Now remember above point eight is
good so we could you know technically stop right here
if there aren’t any issues but let’s just take a look
and see if any would make a really big difference if
we were to take them out so the one that I see that
could potentially help is this I believe I can
accomplish anything I set my mind to um that is you know
it would bring it up to 0 .892 and then we would have
um just 10 items left but it’s you know it’s a
difference it’s close to 9 you know point 9 then
but it’s not a huge difference um do you guys
how do you how are you guys What are you thinking
about this? Like if we’re at .87 and
we have acceptable or good inner
observer reliability, do you think it’s good
to just stop there? Or do you think we
should be going closer to 0.9 for our inter
-observer reliability? I feel as if you could improve, you should always
improve, right? But wouldn’t it
just be up to the restrictions of our
research itself? Yes, I mean, I think, you know, you definitely don’t want to. It depends on how
critical, like, that improvement is. like
when I’ve had students, sometimes students, you know,
I’ll get their dissertation from being on their
committee. And sometimes, you know, obviously
they’ll report the inter -observer reliability for
the published authors, but then they have to
publish it for their own study. So you’ll have
to do that, too, with your sample. And sometimes
I’ll see really low reliability and sometimes
I think it’s not even it might even just be an error
like they didn’t reverse score the items and
obviously if you use an item instrument that has reverse
scoring you have to go through that process or
sometimes maybe it’s just some item but like yeah
if you need to get above maybe you do need to take
out some items or not use some subscales if it’s
really poor or problematic, but I think what we want
to, we don’t always want to take it out if it’s just a
small improvement because we want to make sure we
still have content validity, right? Like, is that item
valuable for capturing our construct? Like, in
this case, for self-esteem. So if we really said,
well, we really want to get about 0.9 for
excellent reliability or whatever it was, like,
oh, we really want to give above point eight,
then we might want to make that change and
like pull that one out. But I think in this case, because it’s so close and
it’s minor, I think I would probably be inclined to
just leave it in and leave it at 11 items for now, at
least, because we haven’t done the factor analysis
yet, which is what we’re going to do in week, I
believe it’s in week seven. So that’ll be another chance
for us to see, like, oh, like, would we keep this
item in or not? Does that make sense? Perfect. Yeah, thank you. Sure. Susanna, did you have a
question or a comment? Yes, I just, I was thinking
about the question, the number of items
that you need, would it be better to have an even number versus
an odd number? Mathematically, it will
make more sense, but I don’t know if in, you
know, in statistical, psychometricical way that
makes any difference. Yeah. You know, I don’t know
that there’s a set answer on that. You know,
whereas something like, you know, like we’re
talking about something like Likert scales,
like I know we were talking about that with
the self-esteem measure, it is considered good
to have that middle point, you know, an
odd number because that way, you know, people
are able to, you know, give that middle point answer
if they feel that way. Whereas when I worked in
market research, we sometimes did studies where we would
only have, say, a four point scale because you wanted
to push people to answer. Like if I’m doing a study
for Nickelodeon and they’re testing a show when they
want to know if something’s working or not or if they
should put it on the air, sometimes we might want
to push people to be like, you know, with audience
research, like, do they really like it
or not like it? Like you might want to force them.
But in social sciences and more academic
research, we would tend to have like that middle
point for Lycurt items and have an odd number. But
for the number of items, I think this question
came up last week. It didn’t, you know, we don’t really have a like,
oh, you have to. It’s better to have an
odd or an even number or a certain number of items. It
just really kind of depends. It’s a little less cut and dry. Thank you. I’m just coming
from the back from a reading today about the reliability
that we have to read. And I think Klein
said that more items means more
reliability sometimes. Are he quoted
somebody saying that? And that was my question.
is like, do you have to have also the difference
between even and odd, more, better and less,
and how much more, 15 to 20, or, you know, yeah, it goes on. Yeah. Yeah, so I think there’s
just, I’m sure there’s different viewpoints,
like, depending on this, you know, the situation
and the scenario. like I said, like, you
know, there was a difference in if I’m, you know,
doing research for a client where they’re
trying to decide, you know, how they want to use
something or whether they should spend, you know,
all this amount of money to, you know, put
something on the air, there might be a different
attitude than when, you know, as scientists
were trying to like be neutral or, you know,
not take one particular side and kind of get a
different thing. So there’s a little bit of. So
there’s all different, you know, just like
I always kind of love statistics because
it’s, you know, there’s kind of some clear
ways to do things, but it’s still like
there’s different points of view. It’s like
part art, part science. So it’s not necessarily
just one answer. I did just pull up
the figure out how, you know, I don’t use, I have to admit, I do
not. I do not. I do not. use Jomovi very much
myself. But I just looked, I just, just
as we were talking, to see how I could use
Jomovi for a reliability analysis. And the great
thing I think about, another great thing about
statistics is once you learn one program, they’re all
fairly similar unless you have to do programming
when I was in graduate school and some of the
classes I took for statistics because because I had
a stats concentration. Some of those were a little
more complicated where we had to do programming.
But if you know something like SBSS or
DeMovie, you can usually pretty much adapt the instructions
to whatever else you’re doing. So I did
just see if you go into Factor up here and click
on Reliability Analysis, you can then put in your items. I’m just going to, this
is the assignment file, so I’m not going to do the
whole thing because obviously that’s for your assignment,
but let’s just say I were to put in like the first
six items. I could put them into this box and then
click the if the item is dropped box. So it would
give you that same kind of information that we were
looking at, like how the alpha would change if we were to
drop that particular item. and you know so that would
give you that type of information obviously you’ll
have to follow the instructions and put all the items in
but one cool thing here is i see that they don’t make
you recalculate the reverse scaled items you could just
put your reverse scaled items in one box and the normal
scaled items in the other box so that’s actually an
advantage over svSS like that they’ll actually reverse
scale the item for you, like kind of correct it for you.
So that’s kind of cool. That’s not an issue
for this assignment, but I just wanted to point that out because that is
something unique. But it looks like
you should be able to do it, whether you
use SPSS or JOMOVI looks pretty
straightforward either way. Any questions or
comments about that? Um, again, when you
do your write up, um, you know, if an item is, is making
less than a tenth of a percent, it may not
be worth throwing out. If it’s something
like four tenths of a percent, then
maybe it’s not enough on its own, but
it’ll help overall. So it really just depends. It only really tells
us what happens if we take it out.
one at a time. And ideally we want to
get above 0.8 or 0.9 with some of these bigger
items like personality or emotional intelligence
or actually I seem to have a lot of students
lately using parenting styles because I do a
lot of work with kids. They’ll have different
subscales like with parenting. It’s like we
have permissive parenting, authoritative parenting.
authoritarian parenting, maybe like some of the
subscales are good or stronger or maybe an overall score is
who is better or stronger. So like maybe the five
emotional intelligence subscales are good, but the
total emotional intelligence score is not very good.
And that’ll kind of help indicate what you could use
in your analyses and what, you know, which ones you have
the most confidence in. So I just went through
this with one of my students. He used a
little bit of a different kind of parenting
style measure than I’m used to. And it had
quite a few subscales. But there was like an
overall subscale that was for positive parenting and an
overall subscale for negative parenting that kind of
added together some of the other subscales like warmth
or physical punishment and so on and so it was
sort of like oh okay let’s go with these overall ones
that are pretty strong so they can kind of help you
figure out you know which subscales are meaningful
and which ones are strong or worth using
and is it consistent and one two more than likely or more
than three for sure because otherwise we wouldn’t
have enough items, but it might be that it’s just
one self-esteem construct, or maybe it’s more than one. So that’ll help us justify
whether we would just use it as an overall
measure of self-esteem or whether it’s assessing
more than one thing. So when you write it up, I want you to report the
initial Chromebacks alpha. then i want you to take out
the items that don’t have high reliability and rerun
them um you know it’s best to do that like one at a
time um explain why you remove the item um and you
know which item you removed and why and then what happened
when it was removed and And, you know, look at the
meaning, too. Like, is there something about the
meaning of the item that might be a reason why it
needed to be taken out? Like, in our case, we
only took out two items. I take constructive
criticism as a helpful tool. Maybe criticism is
just different from self-esteem and
taking criticism is, like, not as much
related to self-esteem. And maybe the other
item, I’m a good. human was just a little
repetitive with some of the other items we have,
or maybe it has to do more with their
perspectives of, you know, something other
than self-esteem. So justify, you know, the number
of items that you took out and then report
what the Chromebacks alpha is at the end
after you took out. however many items. And then just, you know,
upload your Word file and then upload your
SPSS or JOMOBE output file that shows the
results of your analysis. And that’s it. So hopefully it’ll be fun and pretty straightforward to do. Susanna? Yes, thank you. So you said
that we will have to report and why we remove the
items and justify them? Do you mean justifying
them to search for research publications or
just because what we think it happened or we had
to support it? Oh, yeah. There’s no references
needed for this. So I was just kind of
going over some of what you need to do. So this
was essentially what I was saying. Like
obviously in the start, provide your initial
Chromebacks. alpha like what was your score um like
in our case we started out with the chromebex
alpha of 0.62 okay then look over the individual
items and remove from the reliability analysis
don’t delete them from the data set like you’ll notice
like i would just take out one item at a time
um in my svSS analysis items that don’t have
high reliability and rerun the analysis and report
your new ChromeX Alpha. Describe what items
you removed and why. What I was saying about
the justification and maybe that got a little
confusing was I meant, you know, why do you think that
item might not have hung together with
the other items? Like, but you can really
just say I took this out because it had
low reliability, but I also took
it out, you know, and also, you know,
it may be that this is measuring
something different. If you can come up with
that kind of explanation, then describe what’s happening
when you remove items that are not reliable.
Are there any issues with this approach? so like this
second part of the question here where it says are
there any issues with the approach of focusing solely
on internal consistency that’s really getting it you
know kind of don’t overtake things out like if it
seems like it’s a good item and it maybe changes it a
little bit but you think it’s really important to
have then maybe it’s not worth taking out again we
do want to get the internal consistencies above a certain
minimum like around 0.8 but you don’t it’s like
kind of a catch-22 you don’t want too many items in
there that are unnecessary that are repetitive that
could burn your participants out people participate less
and long surveys etc etc but on the other hand we
want to have good items that measure what we’re
intending to measure so you know you just kind of like
need to use your judgment. Again, we’re primarily
looking at the numbers, but I want you to
also look at the items just so that you
kind of are having an understanding too of your
data, like you should always try to have a
feel for your data. So you are using the
Sympathetic Magic Scale. You need to include
all the items from the Sympathetic Magic
Scale and run it. You know, obviously for the demo
today, I use the self-esteem questionnaire, and you need
to look at the sympathetic magic scale and figure out
how many items you should have in order to have a
good Chromeback’s alpha. Zuzanna, you have
your hand raised? Where is that from before?
It was some before, but I also had a second time.
question was how do we save the file and upload
the file from Gemmov and then know is it the final
but we have the final see so when we get to
the final item removed it will show us I guess
onto the right screen it will show us how
it ended the Chromebat alpha and that that
will be the safe file I just, I never saved any files in Jemovie, so I don’t know. So this is a good question
because I don’t really use Jemobi myself, but
I didn’t want to make you guys pay for it if you
don’t, if you don’t use it. I think I’m going
to give you a challenge. Whoever figures it
out, whoever figures out how to download a
file and like how to, I think I see right
here it says save or save us. So you
should just save it. But if anybody figures
out how to, you know, download it or give a
little more instructions, that would be very
helpful to, you know, put that
in the classroom. So and help out your
fellow classmates. So there is also
a Jomovi manual that I will put
in the classroom, you know, so that you
guys have that there in case you need. any
additional information. But I think it’s
pretty straightforward because I have let other people used a movie, I guess,
for a few terms now. I’ve been at Kaiser for, I don’t know, a really long time. I think 13 years or no, 12 years, 12 and a half years, something like that.
Anyway, a long time. And we’ve been using SPSS
exclusively, but just within the last six months to a
year, we’ve been starting to say, okay, you can
use Jemovey if you want because it’s free, and it
seems to be a good tool. But I have not used it a lot. There is a lot of Javati. Yep. So, yeah, you can use Save As. I just, the only thing
I, I just, the only thing I, I don’t know
as much with this, like, if you download it. I don’t know if it’s OMV. Okay, I will tell. It’s OMV. I have it downloaded
on my computer and it comes as a file OMV. I just don’t know what
exactly we will have to have in the file. Like,
what do you want to see when you open the file? I
guess that’s my question. Oh, I just want
to see the output. So I will tell you this. I can tell you this
because I have, like I said, I’ve started
migrating where I, you know, say students
can use SPSS or Jemobi. It seems like students
are sharing with me a PDF file when
they use Jemobi. So you will get that OMB
file when you save it. But I couldn’t
tell you the exact reason why people are
sharing a PDF, but that’s what people
seem to be doing. Okay, so you should just
be saving this file, you know, your output where it
shows your Chromebex Alpha. It shows, you know, the
Chromeback’s Alpha, the items deleted, and then
it shows you running, you know, the new analyses
like, first I had 13 items, then we had 12, then we had 11. you know where we kind of
went through and we could see like is it going to
make any difference to take you know more out um
so like here if we were to do i guess kind of
this this last question where we were kind of
debating like would it really make a difference if i
took up this final one and just dropped the number
of items down to 10 i could see you know what
maybe it would be worth it. I said it, you know,
I don’t think it’s going to make a big
difference. But what it tells me is that
if I then took out, you know, if I
really wanted to give above point nine, I
take that item out and then all of a
sudden it tells me, hey, if I take out, I
believe that I’m a person of worth, then I can get
above point nine. And so again, it kind of
depends on the goals of your study. And for me, part
of the reason I wanted to keep it in is because
I know we’re doing the factor analysis. And
I don’t, and I want to have enough items for
factor analysis. So since this class was so, so like, yeah, I could
easily get it up to point nine, which is kind
of cool. So that’s the file you need to include.
But just to wrap up, you guys were very efficient
when we met last week and we’re really good about
streamlining normally. We have more. We have like
25 to 30 items but we’re so good last week you guys
were so great about you know narrowing it down so
we ended up with fewer items than usual and I just
don’t want to have two few of items for our factor
analysis so that’s why I was kind of like well let’s
just keep it at this 11 items where we get to a
decent amount but if I didn’t need if I was if I knew I
only had one factor I don’t have different subscales
or something then i might just say hey i’m going to
just you know pull out a few more items and get it
to be even stronger thank you shelley for that okay
so yeah if you use the print option she said you
can save as a pdf and that’s perfect like i said that’s
what students seem to have been putting in the
drop box um in this class and other classes where
we’re doing statistics all right well thank you guys
i’m going to stop the class
Sympathetic Magic Scale
Instructions: For the following scenarios, please:
1
. Imagine yourself in the scenario as vividly as possible even if the situation seems unlikely
2
. Choose the response that best corresponds to how you would feel in that situation and how likely you would be to engage in the behavior that is addressed in the question
There are no right or wrong answers. Please note that
none of the scenarios below can directly harm you in any way.
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Not at all |
A little |
Somewhat |
Very |
Extremely |
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You visit a friend who lives in a building that uses a wastewater reuse system, which takes water from the shower and toilet, cleans and sterilizes it, and returns it through the faucet. The water is continually scientifically tested and monitored for purity. |
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1a. How |
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1 | 2 |
3 |
4 |
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You dropped your wallet into a toilet that you know has just been cleaned and sterilized. |
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2a. How |
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You find out that the refurbished video camera you just bought on sale was used by a child pornographer. |
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3a. How |
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A restaurant in your neighborhood is relocating and gave you a box of kitchen supplies. Later you find out a professional chef’s knife in the box was used to stab somebody. |
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4a. How |
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You are spending the night in a 5-star hotel located in a safe, upscale neighborhood. You find out that the guest staying in your hotel room the night before had a prostitute. |
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5a. How |
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You go to an elegant spa and take a clean, freshly drawn bath. You find out that someone ejaculated in the same bath 2 days ago. |
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6a. How |
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You are sitting in a thoroughly cleaned movie seat, and you find out someone vomited in the same seat the day before. |
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7a. How |
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You are listening to a famous piece of classical music by Wagner, “Flight of the Valkyries”, when a credible source tells you that Hitler was so inspired by this song that he taught the Nazis to kill to it. |
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8a. How |
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A cockroach runs across a plate of your favorite cookies. The cockroach only touches one cookie but none of the other cookies. |
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9a. How |
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You are browsing through a gallery and notice this lovely photograph of a group of children playing in a field. When you go to buy it, you find out that the picture was taken by a war photographer who had known of a landmine in the field, but chose to take the picture instead of saving one of the children’s lives. |
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10a. How |
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You are in a world-renowned hospital for a routine surgery. You find out the last two patients in the operating room where your surgery is scheduled died of complications unrelated to the surgery and with two different doctors. |
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11a. How |
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You are swimming in a friend’s brand new pool, and you overhear their spouse saying that someone next to you in the pool has just been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. |
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12a. How |
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You get the job of your dreams but find out the person you are replacing died of a heart attack in the same office you will be using. |
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13a. How |
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You are in an airport ready to board a flight. On the news you hear a plane that took off from the same airport earlier that day crashed due to a pilot’s error. |
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14a. How |
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You receive a box of used clothing from a distant peer or family member whose clothes you were always fond of and who recently passed away. |
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15a. How |
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You find out that touching the doorframe on the way out of your home can lead to a safe journey back. |
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16a. How |
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You are eating next to a celebrity, and they give you a personal item of theirs for good luck. |
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17a. How pleased are you to receive this personal item? |
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You are about to take an important test, and you are packing your bag. Along with your other pens, you find a pen of your very intelligent friend who went to Harvard University. |
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18a. How pleased are you to use this pen while taking your test? |
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A friend shows you a video of a person having sex with a horse. You later meet this same person at a holiday party, and they introduce themselves to you. |
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19a. How |
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A co-worker is in an intimate relationship with his sibling. You invite this co-worker to your wedding, and he gives you and your partner a nice piece of lingerie. |
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20a. How |
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You are walking by a cemetery, and your friend picks an apple from a flourishing apple tree and hands it to you. |
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21a. How |
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You are taking a sketching class and find out the charcoal you are using is made of cremated human ashes. |
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22a. How |
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You are at a party, and there is a dartboard with a photograph of an adorable baby. Your friend asks you to join in a game of darts where the target is the baby’s nose. |
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23a. How |
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You are replacing a photograph of your close relative in a frame with an updated version. When you take the photograph out it starts to rip. You will not be able to get it out completely without ripping off the head of your close relative. |
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24a. How |
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You find a doll that shares a strong resemblance to you. While crossing the street, you notice it fell out of your bag. Before you have a chance to run back and pick it up, a truck speeds by and runs it over. |
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25a. How |
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You are engaging in an embarrassing sexual activity when you notice a picture of your family gazing in your direction. |
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26a. How |
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You are deciding on a name for your future child and have a few names you like. One of the top choices shares the name of someone who is famous and very accomplished.. |
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27a. How pleased would you be choosing the name of someone famous? |
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For the following four items, imagine that your friend brings over some gifts from a novelty store. |
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Floss that looks like black curly pubic hair. |
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28a. How |
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Vomit colored toothpaste that is in every other way the same as regular toothpaste. |
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29a. How |
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Red cotton candy shaped like an expanded used tampon. |
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30a. How |
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A water bottle that looks like a urinary drainage bag with a catheter attached to it. |
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31a. How |
Sympathetic Magic Scale
Instructions: For the following scenarios, please:
1
. Imagine yourself in the scenario as vividly as possible even if the situation seems unlikely
2
. Choose the response that best corresponds to how you would feel in that situation and how likely you would be to engage in the behavior that is addressed in the question
There are no right or wrong answers. Please note that
none of the scenarios below can directly harm you in any way.
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Not at all |
A little |
Somewhat |
Very |
Extremely |
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You visit a friend who lives in a building that uses a wastewater reuse system, which takes water from the shower and toilet, cleans and sterilizes it, and returns it through the faucet. The water is continually scientifically tested and monitored for purity. |
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1a. How |
0 |
1 | 2 |
3 |
4 |
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You dropped your wallet into a toilet that you know has just been cleaned and sterilized. |
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2a. How |
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You find out that the refurbished video camera you just bought on sale was used by a child pornographer. |
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3a. How |
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A restaurant in your neighborhood is relocating and gave you a box of kitchen supplies. Later you find out a professional chef’s knife in the box was used to stab somebody. |
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4a. How |
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You are spending the night in a 5-star hotel located in a safe, upscale neighborhood. You find out that the guest staying in your hotel room the night before had a prostitute. |
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5a. How |
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You go to an elegant spa and take a clean, freshly drawn bath. You find out that someone ejaculated in the same bath 2 days ago. |
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6a. How |
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You are sitting in a thoroughly cleaned movie seat, and you find out someone vomited in the same seat the day before. |
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7a. How |
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You are listening to a famous piece of classical music by Wagner, “Flight of the Valkyries”, when a credible source tells you that Hitler was so inspired by this song that he taught the Nazis to kill to it. |
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8a. How |
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A cockroach runs across a plate of your favorite cookies. The cockroach only touches one cookie but none of the other cookies. |
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9a. How |
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You are browsing through a gallery and notice this lovely photograph of a group of children playing in a field. When you go to buy it, you find out that the picture was taken by a war photographer who had known of a landmine in the field, but chose to take the picture instead of saving one of the children’s lives. |
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10a. How |
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You are in a world-renowned hospital for a routine surgery. You find out the last two patients in the operating room where your surgery is scheduled died of complications unrelated to the surgery and with two different doctors. |
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11a. How |
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You are swimming in a friend’s brand new pool, and you overhear their spouse saying that someone next to you in the pool has just been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. |
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12a. How |
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You get the job of your dreams but find out the person you are replacing died of a heart attack in the same office you will be using. |
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13a. How |
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You are in an airport ready to board a flight. On the news you hear a plane that took off from the same airport earlier that day crashed due to a pilot’s error. |
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14a. How |
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You receive a box of used clothing from a distant peer or family member whose clothes you were always fond of and who recently passed away. |
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15a. How |
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You find out that touching the doorframe on the way out of your home can lead to a safe journey back. |
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16a. How |
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You are eating next to a celebrity, and they give you a personal item of theirs for good luck. |
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17a. How pleased are you to receive this personal item? |
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You are about to take an important test, and you are packing your bag. Along with your other pens, you find a pen of your very intelligent friend who went to Harvard University. |
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18a. How pleased are you to use this pen while taking your test? |
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A friend shows you a video of a person having sex with a horse. You later meet this same person at a holiday party, and they introduce themselves to you. |
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19a. How |
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A co-worker is in an intimate relationship with his sibling. You invite this co-worker to your wedding, and he gives you and your partner a nice piece of lingerie. |
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20a. How |
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You are walking by a cemetery, and your friend picks an apple from a flourishing apple tree and hands it to you. |
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21a. How |
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You are taking a sketching class and find out the charcoal you are using is made of cremated human ashes. |
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22a. How |
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You are at a party, and there is a dartboard with a photograph of an adorable baby. Your friend asks you to join in a game of darts where the target is the baby’s nose. |
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23a. How |
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You are replacing a photograph of your close relative in a frame with an updated version. When you take the photograph out it starts to rip. You will not be able to get it out completely without ripping off the head of your close relative. |
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24a. How |
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You find a doll that shares a strong resemblance to you. While crossing the street, you notice it fell out of your bag. Before you have a chance to run back and pick it up, a truck speeds by and runs it over. |
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25a. How |
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You are engaging in an embarrassing sexual activity when you notice a picture of your family gazing in your direction. |
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26a. How |
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You are deciding on a name for your future child and have a few names you like. One of the top choices shares the name of someone who is famous and very accomplished.. |
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27a. How pleased would you be choosing the name of someone famous? |
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For the following four items, imagine that your friend brings over some gifts from a novelty store. |
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Floss that looks like black curly pubic hair. |
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28a. How |
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Vomit colored toothpaste that is in every other way the same as regular toothpaste. |
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29a. How |
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Red cotton candy shaped like an expanded used tampon. |
|
30a. How |
|
A water bottle that looks like a urinary drainage bag with a catheter attached to it. |
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31a. How |
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