Describe how a researcher might handle missing data when conducting a research study. The section in your textbook will be helpful, but it will also be useful to look at
of Tabachnick and Fidell (2013)
Chapter 4 of Tabachnick and Fidell (2013) – Alternative Formats
, as well as
David Howell’s page
. Define how missing data methods can affect the results. What precautions can researchers take in advance of beginning data collection to try to prevent missing data?
Complete the following readings from your textbook, Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation:
2
Psychology
Barbara Maclure
Keiser University
Dr. Kelly Schmitt
3/23/2025
Psychology
The decision about measuring constructs of self-esteem and emotional intelligence through new or existing instruments in my dissertation requires evaluation of their respective benefits and drawbacks. The decision about new or existing measures in research affects multiple aspects of the research process including data quality and both time requirements and goal achievement problems.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Creating Your Own Measure
Advantages:
1. Substance measurement offers researchers the chance to develop specific assessment tools based on precise definitions of their research constructs. Specific measures become essential when current available measures are unable to detect the subtle characteristics or special elements of the constructions you are examining. A more detailed approach to self-esteem measurement could use resilience or academic self-concept rather than general self-esteem assessments which traditional scales do not completely assess.
2. Establishing a new evaluation method represents an authentic addition to scientific knowledge. Valid and reliable measurement would strengthen current self-esteem and emotional intelligence assessment tools while providing useful research information to investigators.
3. Your instrument maintains higher validity when it encompasses precise operational definitions of your constructions because it directly aligns with their stated measurements. Your instrument will effectively measure emotional intelligence because it specifically detects self-regulation and social abilities based on your intended conceptualization of the construct.
Disadvantages:
1. The development process for creating new measurement tools takes considerable amounts of time as well as effort. The entire process for instrument development extended through considerable duration because of the need for conceptualization together with construction and pilot testing and instrument refinement. The progress of dissertation research could be delayed by instrument validation which includes item tests and reliability checks and factor analysis.
2. You face possible failure from a new measurement because it might not deliver the anticipated results. The inability of your instrument to capture construct accuracy and reliability will force you to modify it and perform further testing. The instrument’s failure to measure the construct accurately will slow down research operation and might damage the validity of the complete project.
3. The use of newly created assessment tools reduces your ability to examine your data alongside current research when other scientists employ standardized measurement methods. The external validity as well as generalizability of your study may decrease due to this situation.
Using Pre-existing Measures
In contrast, utilizing established instruments has several benefits, but also some limitations.
Advantages:
1. Multiple validation tests have verified the reliability and validity of pre-established measurement methods. These measures have undergone multiple validity tests over time which proves that they deliver precise and reliable results. Psychological research makes wide use of established measures including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale along with the Emotional Intelligence Scale by Goleman which have developed strong scientific credibility.
2. Efficiency: Pre-existing measures save time. Research data collection and analytical work will have your full attention since you avoid expending significant efforts on developing and validating a brand-new instrument. Research with precise deadlines can benefit especially from the use of pre-existing measures.
3. Established measurement methods enable research comparability with existing literature which helps interpret results better and thus increases study external validity. Due to their widespread usage the results obtained from these standardized scales can be applied across similar demographic groups.
Disadvantages:
1. The present measures do not match exactly with the theoretical constructs you are examining. Your current methodology might encounter problems because using standardized instruments prevents deeper evaluation of constructs that differ from Goleman’s definition or use original methods to measure self-esteem.
2. Pre-existing measurement methods typically employ standardized scales and set formats that might restrict researchers from detecting the detailed data they need in their study. Important valuable information may escape detection due to strict data collection protocols.
Constructs Discussed
Self-esteem along with emotional intelligence serves as the academic focus of the week 1 assignment. The definition of self-esteem describes the way people judge their personal skills and worth which affects their mental state and social relationships. EI represents the capacity for a person to detect emotional states while managing their personal emotions and the feelings of those around them. The constructs play essential roles in studying psychological health together with social relationships. Established assessment tools exist to measure both constructs which include the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for self-esteem together with the Emotional Intelligence Scale by Goleman for emotional intelligence. Professional psychologists approve these assessment methods because they demonstrate dependable accuracy in psychological research, hence making them beneficial to use according to professionals looking for dependable testing tools.
Conclusion
The dissertation research design depends on your goals because pre-existing instruments provide benefits as well as self-developed measures. Creating your own assessment tool becomes essential if you want to investigate self-esteem and emotional intelligence in a way which existing measurement methods do not offer. Research studies which need to evaluate established theories and compare them against previous analyses will find pre-existing validated measures to be more practical and efficient than developing new instruments. The assessment process should follow the requirements of your study’s needs together with the accessible resources and project time constraints.
References
Goleman, D. (1995).
Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ? Bantam Books.
Rosenberg, M. (1965).
Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
It’s spring break here
for my kids, which is kind of weird because
we just had snow. You have some nice
weather there. Hi, J.C. Hello. How are you? Can you hear me? Yep. I can hear you tonight. Yeah. So it’s working.
Yeah, I got it. I’m working on it. Thank you. That’s good. Nice. Well, Melissa,
you look you have such a nice background there. Nice windows in your office. I’m so thankful because
I’ve had so many offices throughout my
career at different times where I’ve had no
windows, small windows, and it’s horrible when
you have no windows and you come in in the dark
and you leave in the dark and I can’t get any
sunlight, but oh well. That’s hard. But at least you’ve
got a good space now. It does make you appreciate it when you’ve had other things. Absolutely. Hi, Frank. I see that you’re here too. And I see some
others here as well. Hi, poor bear. All right. How are you guys doing this? How was your experience
with the week to assignment? Any
questions about that? Any challenges or overall
pretty straightforward? What was that? Dr. Kelly, you talking to me? Oh, no, I was just
wondering if anybody had any feedback about the
week to assignment. I see Julian said all good. Just wondering how others
experience was if anybody, if that was pretty
straightforward or if you had any
challenges with that. I just had a challenge with attention to
detail, that’s all. I cleared that up. Yeah. Yeah, well, it’s hard
sometimes, too, with the shorter papers
to kind of, you know, get enough information in
there that’s like, like you said, attention to
detail. That’s like the good information you want to
share and not have too much. so that can be a challenge but hopefully it was
pretty straightforward I did want to talk
tonight about the the new week three discussion
and assignment so I’m going to talk about that
we’re going to spend most of our time working on
creating our instrument that you guys generated
items for in the discussion But first, I want to talk
just a little bit about your discussion and your
assignment this week so that we can, you know,
know how much time we have remaining for
looking through the items. So for the discussion
this week, I’d like you to discuss how we
should approach data collection for our
self-esteem measure. So think back to Klein
and what steps he said you should be doing in
developing a measure. Some of these will
already be done, right, by the time you get to
this discussion, right? So some of the steps
are going to be done. So it’s like now, what are the next steps?
Like what strategy should be used to figure
out what items to keep? what strategies
should be used to test reliability and what
strategies should be used to validate
the instrument and there may be different
stages to data collection as your measure will change
as you go through the process so often you have
to go out and collect data more than one time
as you go through some of these different steps so
just talking just you know kind of making sure you
guys are familiar with this. I know I was oh hi Charlie
no problem I know I was reading a dissertation
earlier today very good dissertation but the student
said that they were reporting some things and said that
that showed reliability and validity and they had
reported Chromebacks Alpha, which is a measure of
internal consistency, so how well the
items hang together. So like for self-esteem, we want to end up
with, you know, pretty decently high
Chromebacks Alpha. Like, you know, if your measure, if your
score can be anywhere from zero to one and a
one is perfect, we’re not going to get a one,
right? But if you have above a point eight
or especially above a point nine. That’s very
strong. That means our items are really hanging
together pretty well. So that’s a measure
of reliability. There are other measures
of reliability as well. But what the things that
they had reported did not do was didn’t have anything
to do with validity. Like if you’re
reporting mean and standard deviations
or correlations, that really doesn’t
necessarily have anything to do with validity unless
it’s like you’re doing like predictive validity,
right? Like, are you going to look at, well,
does self-esteem predict self-ethicacy or some
other related construct? Or does it predict, like,
other measures of self-esteem? Like, does our measure
of self-esteem correlate decently well with Rosenberg’s
measure of self-esteem? That could, you know, in those cases, you could
do a correlation. But, you know, I just
want to make sure you guys understand
here, like, what’s the difference between
reliability and validity? You also had this
in research methods. You know, this has talked about in some of your other classes. I believe maybe even
talked about a little bit in cross-cultural
tests and measurements. But here we’re just really talking about
what’s our strategy? When we’re developing
an instrument, what do we need to do? So these are kind of
going through like some of the remaining
steps that you would ideally go through
after you generated items. So, you know, just go
back to your book and kind of review and talk
some more about you know, strategies and
what we should be doing. Susanna, did you
have a question? Yes, thank you. So I was kind of confused
on that first part, the strategies, because
it’s very, like, wild to how far we go,
like we start after we have the items we have the test
completed and then we try to you know explain what
we’re going to do after that for collecting data or is
it strategy is just about the whole like all the
way from a beginning so I don’t know where yeah
that’s a good question great question so you don’t need
to start from the very beginning because like we
started out with defining self -esteem and then we we
generated items um now tonight we’re going to serve as
subject matter experts and try to call down our list
of items because actually there was over a hundred
items when I pulled them all out and I just you
know reduced it to about 50 because there were quite
a few, as you can imagine, duplicates or almost exact, you know, similar wording. But let’s say we have 50 items. We want to reduce that. And then what are the next
steps? Like here it says, what strategies should be
used to figure out what items we should keep? Well,
that’s something we’re doing tonight, but you
should still talk about it, right? What does a
subject matter expert do? Like, you know, what would
you do if you were doing a study where you were
developing an instrument and you wanted to have
subject matter experts help you figure out
what you should be keeping and what you
should be getting rid of? And then in terms of testing reliability,
next week we are going to be doing the type of
reliability that I just mentioned that just was
in the dissertation I read today, and it’s basically
at almost every dissertation I read is internal
consistency. You always have to report that if you’re
using a survey instrument, and many of our students do use survey instruments,
not everybody. But we will be doing internal
consistency next week, and that is where we
figure out, you know, truly which items hang together
and if there’s any we need to discard so we’ll be you
know narrowing down the list a bit tonight but that
doesn’t mean that’s going to be our final list of items
so one of the steps will be internal consistency
we will do that as a class Monday night and then you
guys will have a different data file that you’ll do
internal consistency for your assignment so next week
there’s a focus on that. And then there’s
other, you know, things like, for example,
if anybody hadn’t corrected their reverse scored items,
I just threw those out, you know, because I
gave an opportunity to fix those. But if
you didn’t, you know, if you didn’t, then
I just took them out. And then also, you know,
just think about the whole process of validity,
like how do you determine if it has the different
types of validity. So it’s just sort of
basically going through all the different stages for
reliability and validity and what you would be doing
with a new instrument. Thank you. Yeah, I was
kind of like lost because all of these steps
required substantial like pages and pages to
explain. So I didn’t know how to put it into a post
for discussion board. I’m just like shorter
version of the whole thing. I don’t just want to list
stuff, but I want to explain. Right. Lots of it’s very complex. Well, I appreciate that that
you say because, yeah, that’s true. I mean, there
can be some complexity, but, you know, it’s
not necessary to do every, you know, to go
into depth about every. single aspect,
just kind of giving a general overview
to make sure. Oh, sorry, I just want
to make sure I do. Didn’t lose you guys. So, yeah, just to
kind of make sure you have an understanding
of the different types of reliability and
validity that you would be looking at
with a new instrument. So just kind of a
little overview. Obviously, a discussion post should
not just be one paragraph. especially for
something like this. If you had one paragraph, I don’t know how you
could possibly do this. But at the same time, you can’t have two or
three pages, right? It can’t be incredibly
long. So I guess there has to be the
balance between being clear and concise and
covering the materials. Joseph, do you have a question? So do you want us to
talk about like the reliability and validation
of the measure throughout the entire use of the
measure or just like after the initial creation
and like the introduction to research? So like
pilot study and up to there or doubt the entire
use of the measure? just you know just like in
the like as you’re developing a new instrument so right
gotcha you know like for example you could do
something like test retest but maybe that’s you know
maybe that’s right well early stages right so it’s
just sort of like what do you need to do to get your
your instrument together. I was just thinking
like technically Rosenberg scale is
still being validated with replications
if it’s used now. But that’s all this thinking. Anyway, thank you. Yeah. Okay, sure. And any other questions
about the discussion? I do see. So Shelley, I’m just asking
because somebody else just sent me an email. Was there a particular challenge getting
into the room? Yes. I had to go through
Explorer instead of Chrome. And then I, every time I pulled
up Cultural Live, it would say it
wasn’t available. Right. So, I mean, maybe, just so everybody, I
guess, who’s here knows, because there’s two
sections of the class, you can only enter
through your classroom if you’re in section
one of this class. Otherwise, you have
to enter through the link that I put in
the announcement. it. But whether you’re
in section one or in section two, you can
enter through the link. It’s just, you know, and I
didn’t, it’s not like any preference for
section one over section two. It’s
just the link is in. So just so you know, if you’re in section
two, if you try to click Kaltura Live,
you will get an error. But hopefully it’ll be
pretty straightforward. then um well i did um i did
hit the link because i was early oh and i sat there
and it said um i was being wait there you weren’t there
it wasn’t available yet because you weren’t there so
i said i’ve been i’ve been there since like 620 and
all of a sudden like nobody was showing up and i’m
like what’s happening so i went back out and then i
tried culture alive and then i couldn’t get in so then i
tried the link again and it kept showing error so then
i went to explore and did the link and that’s when i
got here yeah okay well i mean in the future i can i
can open the class early i guess the reason why i
don’t do that is sometimes i open it early and people
think that i’m there and like ready to uh converse and
start like talking to me but i’m not necessarily there
like right now i was still working on the items like
so it actually is a lot to compile all these i’m not
used to this you know having two sections of this class
and there being so many so i had over a hundred
items then i was narrowing it down too because there were
a lot of duplicates but anyway i can open it
early but just no don’t think i’m not talking
back to you it’s just i may not be i may
have my volume off or something like that it
won’t be it’s It’s not like that I’m ignoring
you. It’s just a lot of times I’m doing
things before class. Okay. Well, thank you for
explaining that because that helps me to know
what’s going on then. Okay. So Joseph, did
you still have any other questions or
is that just raised? That was still from
last time. Okay. No problem. Okay. So for your discussion, we already talked about. this. For your assignment, your challenge this
week is to describe how a researcher
might handle missing data when conducting
a research study. So there is a little bit in the textbook about missing data, but it’s also useful
to look at Chapter 4 of Tabachnik and Fidel. That’s
kind of a gold standard statistics book, as well
as David Howell’s page. define how missing data
methods can affect the results in other words like
you know think about the patterns so those of you
who’ve taken RSM 801 know we also talk about that
in the missing data in that class but you know it
depending on the patterns of missing data it depends
on you know how you would handle it but both
this Tabatchik and Fidel chapter and David Howell’s
page are in the week four assignment area, so you
do have those resources. And maybe even more importantly is this last part
of the question, what precautions can
you take in advance? I say you, because
you’ll all be researchers, at least
for your dissertations. What precautions can you
take before starting data collection to try to
prevent the missing data. So really, I think, you know, there are
oftentimes some missing data, but we as researchers
can try to design our instruments and our studies
so that we can try to minimize that. And so that’s,
you know, where you can talk about that. So again,
this is just a two to three page paper should be
relevant. relatively short, but just to kind of make
sure you understand and you are thinking about
this issue, because it does come up quite a bit when
you’re doing research. Susanna? Sorry, I have a question again. So the first question
that has us to describe how we
handle missing data. So again, there’s a huge
moment. of different ways? Do you want us to
use the ones that they are recommended or also
go through every single one that also nowadays
is not recommended and explain why it’s
not recommended or just concentrate the most used
one, recommended ones? Yeah, I would, you know, really like at an ideal
situation, you would talk about how you would handle missing
data if it’s missing. completely are at random
or missing at random versus how you would handle it if
it’s missing not at random. There can be different
techniques depending on that, but really you don’t have
to spend a lot of time on techniques that are not
advised or not commonly used. You know, there are, yeah, I’m sure there are
many different ways you can handle missing data but
really they primarily break down into three categories i
would say that’s what i was missing so i didn’t know if
you’re actually here that i’ve had to explain the you
know paravise and single invitation methods and
model-based methods or we’re just concentrating on the
mar car and car um i was confused about that or do we
have to do both no i mean i always i mean when i teach
obviously like for this it’s primarily reading and not
you guys are learning through the reading but when i
teach it in rsm 801 you know we kind of focus on the
you know general categories like obviously there’s
deletion you can just get rid of you know the missing data
um there’s mean substitution, which is kind of the
easiest, like SPSS. I think that’s what they do with
their missing data function, but there’s pros
and cons of that. And then, of course,
there’s multiple imputation, which is more
like doing a regression analysis. So it’s
more sophisticated. If you have one missing case, is it going to be worth it
to do multiple imputation? You know, so you’ve got to
think of the cost versus benefits of like what would
be the best technique versus like if you have just a
few cases missing or maybe you just have a few items
missing let’s say we have a self-esteem instrument that
has you know 10 items if somebody just missed one
item like what’s what’s the kind of the technique you
would use versus well what if like 20% of your what if 15
% of your data is missing. But it’s like really
valuable data. It’s like a longitudinal
study. So you’re not going to throw up
15% of your sample. What are you going to do? So it’s sort of just kind
of answering those kind of questions. I don’t
expect you to go into detail about every single possible
way you could deal with missing data. It’s sort of
more like bigger picture. Like does that make
sense? Yes. Thank you. so with the mark i call it
more car and car but with every each possibility
i can kind of mention the types of how we will
handle for each case right kind of okay thank
you sure yeah um great all right um so um great
great now what i think i’m going to do is i’m
going to share my screen where i’ve put together
um an excel sheet that has some of your self
-esteem measures which great job. By the way, you
guys, I thought, you know, there were a lot of
great creative examples. For this instrument
that we’re doing as a class, we are going
to use a Lycurt scale. As we talked about last
week, if we use a five -point Lycurt scale, which
I think many of you did, you know, and I strongly
agree to strongly disagree or strongly disagree to strongly
agree. We have a five -point instrument so just
would think about these items go through the items thinking
about obviously they’re going to people are going
to have to answer if they to what extent they agree or
disagree or whether they’re neutral like they neither
agree agree nor disagree so we may have to reword some
things but also we have to take some things out because
there’s just too many items I think like I think I
started out with about 110, and then, you know, now
narrowed it down to about 50-ish, because, of
course, there were some duplicates, and I may not
even have taken out all the duplicates. I’m sure
we’ll run into some more. When I say duplicate, of
course, the wording’s not exactly the same, but it’s
very close. We don’t want items that are too close because
they each should be measuring something unique,
although they should be related, right? They should all be
related to self-esteem. So we’re going to pretend we’re the subject matter experts. We’ll take a look at the items. Please don’t take any
offense if anybody says it’s not good or
we should throw it out. That’s, you know,
basically what an expert would say. They
might just say like, oh, I don’t think
that fits as well. And if we need to
modify anything because we want really concise
direct statements, Remember, we don’t
want anything double-barreled
or reversed items. So I will, I’m
going to turn off my video just
because it’s kind of, I won’t be able to. I’m not going to see
the screen, really. I’m just going to be
sharing my screen. So please feel
free to jump in and share your thoughts
as we look at these. items. Can you see the Excel
spreadsheet? I may need to try to make
some of these items a little bigger, but…
Yes, I can see it. Okay, great. Great. Okay. So let’s just go
through these. We’ll see how many we can go
through. I don’t know. We’ll be able to go through
all of them, but hopefully we can get through a big
chunk. And we’re know we’re not going to worry
about how many we have. We’re just going to go
through the items and say, does this measure self-esteem? Do we want to keep it or
do we want to not keep it? So what about this
first one? I feel confident in my ability to handle
challenges in life. I like that one. Yeah, I would say that’s
a good one, right? That measures
challenges, challenges, which are important
beyond this general self-worth. So I think
that’s a good one. I think that’s a keeper. Okay. Number two, I am confident that I am as good as others. I like that. I like that one. Results in 16. Okay. I have kind of a question about that because I do not. I have problems with
comparing people to me or me to other people in
a way that I don’t know what good at others means.
You know, like if I’m talking about me as a
patient, pretend patient, I will be confused about
what other people means. And nowadays comparing people
to people, social media, et cetera, can be unrealistic and
can cause actually. feeling like I’m
not good enough. Yeah, I’m kind of mixed on this
one, but I’m with you. I think because we have so
many items and hopefully we have other strong
ones, I’m going to take it out because I, I mean,
if you all agree, I do think that. I think that
it’s the same pretty much as three, and I kind of
like the wording of three better. Yeah, I would agree with that. That one that we just
delete it was actually mine. after I went back
and read it, was kind of like, this could be a
negative or a positive. Yeah. I think it’s like
it has some good elements, but I do agree
that three is like. Better. Yeah, it’s just a little,
it does add a little nuance about comparing
to others, but it’s a little clearer how
compared to others, which could be. That
one was a little gray. Yeah, it could be a
little gray. Okay. It takes out the
qualitative. of good, basically. It just says
that you’re of worth as much as other
people, which depending on your opinion of
other people doesn’t have to be that much
worth, you know? Right, right. Yeah. Right. Okay, so so far we have number
one and number three. Let’s let’s go to number four.
I tend to feel satisfied with myself most of the time. I don’t think so. That
is good because people, They don’t have to accept
their limitations in their low days and high
days, not just always being perfect and satisfied.
That’s not realistic. Yeah. I would agree with that. I don’t know. There’s
something about this one where I’m
like, it’s not, I don’t know. Yeah, it’s maybe
just. Oh, clarity too. I tend to feel satisfied.
Yeah, I think there’s a little too many words in here
because I feel like, We’re trying to assess self
-esteem at a moment and time. And I think that this
is like trying to make it take up too much
time. Like, just like, let’s assess how people
feel right at this moment rather than most
of the time or tend to. So it’s not precise enough? Yeah. I would just like, I would
just, like, we could rewrite it, but we have so many
that I’m kind of more leaning towards. let’s just
let’s just pull some out and if we have to we can always
rewrite some but it would probably be deleted too
then it’s like of the same nature yeah um okay do
you want to say more about that well i mean it’s like
what do you think good is and i feel like i am good
enough what it’s at a like or tell where does that go
yeah what’s good enough yeah what’s good enough good
enough just average or you just good enough like by
your own standards so the word enough is the one that
is kind of yeah okay um i respect myself as well as
i respect others relative again that one can be a
little bit ambiguous as well i think because what if you
just don’t respect other people that means you don’t
respect yourself right um some people might respect
other people more than themselves and have more self
-esteem but yeah this is a little okay so how about i
feel proud of my achievements that’s a good one good
one yeah i think that’s clear right it’s like goes
beyond general satisfactions. You might want that to
feel good about yourself. Okay, how about I trust myself to handle challenges in life? Good. It’s the same as the person. That’s the same as the first. No, that’s true. Good point. Okay. I feel valued. Not good. Because you’re relying
on the other people’s reaction. We actually. towards
you not how you actually feel about yourself I
mean it depends on your model of self-esteem too
because you’re like I was talking about a two-factor
model where it’s your self -worth but also your perceived
like worth in others so you could say I I
love myself just like you could say I feel valued
like you value yourself so I do I I think it is
good to have, you know, something like I feel valued
or I feel like I matter. Like, does your self
-esteem incorporate how you believe others see
you is essentially what? But is it not like if you
are around a society or environment that is not
actually a positive environment. And now your self
-esteem depends on the environment, not on
your. your own belief, you can be, I’m talking
about the overall people that we, they can have
different, you know, environments and they feel
that environment is just downing them down. The family
is not nice about them, but doesn’t mean
that they should not feel good about
themselves because the family is not
valuing them. Mm-hmm. Well, I think you’re both. The question is, does someone have, does the perceived
value actually do. tell you about self-esteem? That’s the question. Well, I think you’re
both making good points. I think this might be
an item where it’s good to keep it because maybe
we want to reword it a little bit, but I think
feeling valued does, you know, is related to a
healthy self-esteem. But I think you’re also
making good points. I don’t know if that
was Susanna or somebody else. We don’t know
if it’s going to hang together. But
we’ll find that out next week when we do the
internal consistency. So not all the items are going to hang together, right? So when we do that test,
we’ll see which items actually we have to throw
out because they’re measuring something different or
they’re measuring the same thing. And it could
be something as simple as rephrasing it like, I
feel valuable instead of valued, and that places it
more on themselves instead of that external thought
process. Good point. Or you could put in, due to my level
of self-efficacy, I feel valued. So maybe we tie it into
the fact that that person has accomplished so many
things that built their confidence up that other
people’s opinions don’t really affect them, like they know
what they’re capable of. Well, we do have other,
a good point, but we do have other items that
assess self-efficacy. So let’s just keep
this focused on either valued or valuable or
what do you guys think? Would you keep it like this? I feel valued or I feel valuable. What do you think? You feel valuable? I don’t know. I don’t have like a
strong opinion about this. I feel valued. Okay. Then we’ll just keep
it the way it is. Okay. How about I accept
myself as I am? I like this one. I think it’s too. I like that too. I like that one too. Okay, great. I feel that I have a
number of good qualities. That’s a good one.
That’s a good one. Well, that means number.
Like a number can be like it’s more than a lot.
I feel that have good qualities, maybe we’re
going to be good qualities. Okay. I feel comfortable
expressing my opinions in social situations. I don’t think that’s
specifically for self-esteem because
it could be a measure of extroversion
or introversion. But if they have a
psychologically safe environment where they work for,
that could tie into that, because then they
feel more comfortable to say what they mean
and talk about how they feel and not be judged
without repercussions. But that can be also
connected with the IQ and EQ. So are we now measuring? That’s true. It could
be a multiple of things. It could be a matter
of specific enough to self-esteem to be on
a self-esteem measure. It could be as
simple as shortening. sentence in, I feel comfortable with expressing my
opinions, period. The question is, do you have
to feel comfortable with expressing your opinions
to have high self-esteem, or can you feel comfortable
not expressing your opinions and have high self
-esteem? Yeah, see, I kind of like, I guess, I don’t
want to go against the group, but I kind of like that
it had something social, just because it was
like a little bit of a different aspect
of self-esteem. But, again, it could either
hang with the other items or it could
not, you know, because it is assessing a
different aspect. I don’t know. There could be cultural
situation where some cultures don’t like
to express themselves. That’s true. I agree. Good point. All right. Well,
we can take it out. Okay. So I’m satisfied with
myself as a person. The previous one was similar. Oh, yeah. This one just points out
that they’re a human. Sorry. I believe that I’m
a person of value. I like that one better
than the I tried. Yeah, I think that’s better wording. I think that’s better wording. It better than which one? Then I feel like number nine. Yeah, okay. Can you delete
the rows and then? Yeah, well, I will when
we go through. So I’m just kind of trying to keep
track of some of these. So, all right. So I feel
confident in my abilities. It’s kind of ambiguous, but I like it. I don’t
know. We have something about confident
already. The beginning, right? The confident.
Oh, yeah, the first one. So I think the first
one is a little better. Okay. Yeah, it’s repetitive maybe. Is that a bad thing
to be repetitive? Well, we don’t want
to be too repetitive. We want to try to have,
you know, each one. measure something unique but
related um okay i believe i have valuable
qualities that make me a unique person i feel like
that’s too similar to 14 yeah i feel good about
myself most of the time well i wouldn’t have
most of the time because we’re trying to
just look at the you know just at a moment
in time but is I feel good about myself any
different or unique? I don’t feel like
that’s the same as I believe I’m
a person of value. I mean, essentially. Yeah, I think so. I’m personally number 11. Yeah, I don’t, I
actually like it, but I don’t, it seems very
similar to 11 and 14. Well, whereas 11
says good qualities and 14th is a person of value. So, yeah, I think I would get rid of 17, even though I liked it. Okay, I feel proud of my
accomplishments. That’s the same as 7th. Yeah. See, I told you that
I didn’t get all the duplicates because
some of them are hard. It’s hard to
pull some of them out. Okay. I believe I’m worthy
of love and respect. That’s two. There’s a double. Yes. Yeah. Yeah, so we could
either say, I believe I’m worthy of love or I believe
I’m worth of respect. Oh, look at the next question. I guess the question is,
do we need either of these? Maybe then worthy of love,
I’m deserving of respect. Do we need those? Do they add anything? I mean, it does add a
little bit of specificity as to what we’re
saying self-esteem is. But I mean, that’s
kind of really strong there. I am
deserving of respect. I really like that one. Okay. Which one? I am deserving of respect. Yeah. Okay. I think we’ll take up
the, do you want the love one, too, or do you think
just the respect one? It’s similar to the
beginning one that I’m worthy or something with
a worth was. Oh, yeah. So that’s repeated. I’m going to take that out. Okay. I am content with how
I manage adversity. Yeah, I don’t know about that one. Yeah. It’s like the spectrum. Okay. I like myself most of the
spectrum. at the time. I’ll step myself as
I am the same one. I feel that I am
a person of worth because I contribute
to my community. No. Yeah, what’s the
problem with this one? Well, I think that that’s you put in yourself
as a person of birth because you do
something. Mm-hmm. Like you’re doing something. Yeah. So yeah, because it’s just
focus. on one specific aspect like contributing
to my community so that’s yeah putting too
much in one item okay I feel that I’m a good
person because I care about the well-being of others
same thing yeah yeah just like trying to what
what you’re doing for others okay what about 25
I have a general generally have a positive opinion
about myself that’s not realistic yeah i don’t
know that that really that seems i don’t know
yeah that’s i know there’s something about that that
that i feel like is a little too subjective
there i don’t know i feel i can do things as well as
other people my age Again, comparing. Yep, comparing others rather
than your own self-worth. Okay, I generally can
avoid letting other people influence how
I feel toward myself. And that kind of
same thing again. What we’re trying
to measure is like how much they can do
that. Like, that’s what self-esteem
kind of is, you know? Mm-hmm. Yeah, I guess in some
way, this could be. This could be. Like, I feel good about
myself, regardless about other people’s. I don’t
think that’s something, like, I think if that’s
more of a definition of self-esteem, then
it should be an item. Yeah. Well, should we keep
it, or should we take it out because it’s
more of a definition? Yeah, I was, I would
think, omit that. It’s just a little
complex for a, essentially. I got
self-report measure. Yeah, okay. I can learn and grow
from my mistakes. It’s good. I like that one. I deserve to be treated with respect. Ooh, we
got another respect. Which one do you like
more? I deserve to be treated with respect or I
am deserving of respect. I like I’m deserving. I’m deserving. I’m deserving. Yeah, I’m deserving, yep. Okay. Okay. I feel comfortable expressing my thoughts and opinions. I like the other one socially, that said socially like
that versus this one. Okay, maybe I need to
delete some of these because it is kind
of getting hard to. I think we got rid
of the one that said in a social… We did
get rid of it. Yeah. Yeah. Like, how can I, uh, I think if I’m going to, right click and delete. Yeah. My, uh, my, my computer is
like very glitchy. So I may just have to do
this the old-fashioned way, which seems
ridiculous, but I can’t right click for some
reason right now. Okay. So I’m just going
to pull some of these up so we can’t see a little
that works too clearly all right um okay so we’re
at i feel comfortable expressing my thoughts and
opinions what do you guys think about that depending
on where and with who i don’t know if that’s a
clear self-esteem because that just maybe i feel
like you can have high self -esteem and not be and
not express your thoughts and opinions right i don’t
know if that’s they’re not saying where like what
if they’re just expressing thoughts and opinions
in their car before they go into work right and
people do that with their little like i’m sorry okay
so i feel that i’m a person of worth at least on an
equal plane with others Yeah, at least as much as
anyone else. Okay, so we’re going to
get rid of that. I feel valued and respected
by those around me. That’s double-barreled, and we kind of already have it. Yeah. Okay, we had to be
worthy of respect. I’m satisfied with
myself just the way I am. We have I accept
myself the way I am. Good memory. I take constructive
criticism as a helpful tool. I like that guy.
That’s a good one. Yeah, that’s
something different. That’s, I don’t. Yeah, that’s something
different. I like it. I’m not sure if it’s
going to completely hang with the others,
but it’s interesting. That’s something you can
even say no to, though? What? I take constructive
criticism as a helpful too. If you’re being honest,
there’s definitely a lot of people who do
not take it as helpful. If you’re being honest. I feel that I’m a person of worth deserving of respect. I feel like we
have this already. Okay. I trust my ability to
make good decisions. I just think good
as a qualifier is. I just, I’m not sure. Okay, I feel confident in
my ability to solve problems when they
arise in my life. It was a repeat. Yeah, I also think that’s… Number one. Self-efficacy, which
I think it’s good to have some self-efficacy,
but not too much. I believe my opinions
and ideas are valuable even if
others disagree with me I mean you can take out
the even if others disagree with me like
this better than I feel comfortable
expressing my opinions your opinions are
valuable and feeling comfortable expressing
them are too different yeah all right let’s
let’s move this up I want to move these
up so we can see them so is that still
add something new i believe my opinions
and ideas are valuable yeah that’s a little
different okay i believe i am worthy of respect and dignity
regardless of my achievements or failures ooh what’s
the problem with this one too birdie yeah there’s a
triple barrel there yeah a triple barrel
there’s laughing I don’t know we definitely
like call it that but yeah there’s a lot there’s a
lot there too much to me asking about too many things
um I feel confident in my ability to handle life’s
challenges the same as the first one same as the top
that’s true um I I can accept myself as I am today,
even as I grow and evolve. That’s not too long, timeline-wise, too. I accept myself as I
am is the same thing. Yeah. Same as for you. Yeah. Okay. I trust myself to
make important life decisions without
doubting my worth. I feel like you can, if
you take out without doubting my worth, it
works just as well. I trust myself to make
important life decisions. Is it not the same as
I feel confident in my ability to handle
challenges in life? Or just, yeah, maybe not. Which is the same as 15. yeah yeah i guess
that’s a duplicate um yeah i’m confident
in my abilities you already has something
like that yeah i think so i’m probably
my achievements um i feel that i have a
number of good qualities. The number? That was a repeat. Number five. Yeah. I feel good about myself
even after I failed. That’s kind of negative. Mm-hmm. Okay. I believe I can accomplish
anything I set my mind to. That’s good. Yeah. And yeah, I think that’s good. I’m satisfied with myself. Is that the same as four? Yeah, I don’t really feel
like that’s anything. Okay. Almost done. I have
some negatively phrased items, which
are actually, I think, more challenging to do. Well, but I do think it was good to have some, but this one’s not, this is more, I’m
going to just knock off this first one because
it’s worded wrong, but also I think it’s more
about negative self -perception, which isn’t
directly self-esteem. Okay, I never compare myself to others and feel I fall short. They’re not
comparing themselves, then how do they
feel they fall short? I don’t know, yeah. Hard for ever put that in
there. That’s tough, yeah. All right. I tend to do. Wait a minute. That was mine,
Aubrey. I’m sorry. And I just want to
say, I had that as a reverse scored one.
And so if I originally read, I compare myself
to others and feel I fall short and I was
going to reach short. Well, like I said,
I don’t know. Yeah, but it makes you
feel any better. I don’t know if we’ll end up
keeping any of these. We got there. We already
have a really good list. And these, a lot
of these are like, it’s very difficult to write
a negative phrase item. So I tend to just doubt my
responses as good enough. Yeah, I don’t think so. It’s still, it’s just like
self-doubt or uncertainty. So it could relate to self -esteem, but I think not great. Often feel insecure
about my abilities. I guess that’d be better if it didn’t have the
word often in it. focus on abilities though
because yeah if you already have i feel good
about my abilities right something like that so
it’s the same thing i don’t want to have just like
that okay i feel unworthy at times but i feel
worthy be having the first one yeah there i have
yeah okay there are times when I doubt whether I
am a worthwhile person. Worthy again, no? Yeah, again, it’s
like self-doubt. I don’t know. I
think I feel like this isn’t really
adding anything. Okay, I often compare
myself to others and feel like I
don’t measure up. Comparing to others
versus your self-esteem? Yeah. I wish I could be more
like other people. I think we’re out of theme here comparing to others okay I feel like I do not
have much to be proud of I’m proud of my
achievements I think we had before once it’s just
like a negative yeah okay sometimes I think
I’m no good at all that’s pretty strong depression yeah
depression yeah you know that definitely says
what I was going to say I feel depressed now I know I feel all right I
feel that I do not have much to be proud of we
have similar before a part of myself or
something I don’t know okay I tend to doubt my
responses is good enough. Goodness as what? Yeah. I think it’s like, yeah, again, it’s just like self-measurer. I’m not sure. I’m not sure. I’m
not good enough to be different than
mine good enough. Okay. I tend to feel
dissatisfied with myself. It’s pretty negative. Yeah, I feel like it’s
more like negative self -perception than general
self-esteem. Okay. So I think we’ll just,
I like this one, but I think since it’s the only
negatively phrased item, we should probably
just stick with positively phrased
items. So we can see if we could rephrase
this just as like, can we rephrase it? I don’t know. Sometimes I
think I’m no good at all. I feel unhappy. If we don’t, if a
positive self-esteem, they have to say positive.
Otherwise, this is going to end up being
reverse scored, right? So how could we rate? I mean, that would
be the same as I feel like I’m a person
of worth, right? I feel, yeah. I’m a good person. I feel I’m a good person.
Oh, that’s a good one. I’m a good human being. Make sure you say
you’re a human. That’s funny. I’m a good human. Is that funny? Yeah, I think we’re a good
member of society. Oh, yeah, we could say that. Do you want a good human or
a good member of society? Shelly, I love you, but I kind of like I’m a good human. He don’t love me and
I like mine better. George, Shelly. Okay. So I think we have
a pretty good list. I think that was, you know,
hopefully that was a good experience for you guys.
I may end up putting a few more back in just because
we did such a good job of eliminating that we only ended
up with 13. And we may want to have a few more with that
for internal consistency exercise to see if there’s
some we want to throw out. But overall, I
think we have a good list in pretty
strong direction. So, Aubrey, did you have a question before we wrap up? Oh, no, that was earlier.
And then I just said it. I have a quick question. Sure. How many questions would be, like, how many should we have that would make a good amount? I don’t know that there’s
a definitive answer to that but there are there are
definitely instruments that I’ve used that only have
10 items that are good and strong now the thing about
that is you can’t really you usually don’t have subscales
so there are other items I mean other instruments
that are like let’s say 20 but they might have some
subscales right so you might have four items that are
assessing, you know, a certain type of self-esteem
and another five items that are looking at a different
type of self-esteem and another five items looking
at a different type of self -esteem and so on. So if you
only have like 10 items, you probably wouldn’t
have subscales, but it could still be a strong
instrument. There’s some great instruments
that only have like tenant items. You know, so,
and then, And like if you take look at
something like depression, often those are quite
long instruments, but then there’s some,
you know, there’s like an instrument that just
asks four questions, like three or four questions
and can kind of get, you know, kind of some decent data. It’s not as
thorough, right? But it could still
be a good measure. So some instruments will
have like a short form and a long form.
and if the short form is not that much worse
in terms of, like, reliability and validity, that a lot of times people
might want to use the shorter version because
it can still give them some good information
while not burdening people. I know in I.O. Psychology, there’s
a lot of people that use, like,
either the personality assessment, like the
Big Five or emotional intelligence, and
both of those have. subscales and so they
end up being quite long like maybe it’s like 80
or a hundred items right it just kind of depends
what you’re measuring so thank you all right
well thank you guys and hope you have a great
night and i will see you in the classroom thank
you very much thank you
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