1. Provide a summary of the following key concepts: dendrites, nucleus, axon hillock, axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and nodes of Ranvier.
Psychology
Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
> :_· J P n St a X”
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.1
Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of
how the human brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography),
CT sca n (computed tomography), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and Human
Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center”: modification of work
by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim
J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Normal
b ood cells
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.2
Normal blood cells travel freely t hrough the blood vessels, while sickle-
shaped cells form blockages preventing blood flow.
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~ l i \ / \
–•”-•———-.!.'”;:_ ______ ..t:.,.’.,;”_r.•:;…1::, ________ _, • …:·:…_ _____ _i.::…__x
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•~ .i_• _.,_ __ ….;•=–• ———,——–.1″”——-IY
——–· ‘-‘~—‘-‘-‘-_;__:-e..:’ ____________ .,_,. _ _ __;;_,_:_ _______ 111
..
•’
A
–· ‘————–!::…..-=——-11 ~· ,
u t” o £ y
. / !
I /~
L
I ..
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.3
(a) In 1859, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection
in his book, On the Origin of Species.
(b) The book contains just one illustration: t his diagram that shows how species
evolve over time through natural selection.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.4
(a) Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material
(DNA) inherited from one’s parents.
(b) Phenotype describes an individual’s observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin
color, height, and build. (credit a: modification of work by Caroline Davis; credit b:
modification of work by Cory Zanker)
b Bb bb
n’ e
a:i
.s=
~
u.
b Bb bb
Figure 3.5
(a) A Punnett square is a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring. The
capital B represents the dominant allele, and the lowercase b represents the recessive allele. In the
example of the cleft chin, where B is cleft chin (dominant allele), wherever a pair contains the
dominant allele, B, you can expect a cleft chin phenotype. You can expect a smooth chin
phenotype only when there are two copies of the recessive allele, bb.
(b) A cleft chin, shown here, is an inherited trait.
N NN Np
~
z -N -c::
~
~
~
p Np pp
,,
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.6
In this Punnett square, N represents the normal allele, and p represents the
recessive allele that is associated with PKU. If two individuals mate who are
both heterozygous for the allele associated with PKU, their offspring have a
25% chance of expressing the PKU phenotype.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.7
Nature and nurture work together like complex pieces of a human puzzle. The
interaction of our environment and genes makes us t he individuals we are. (credit
“puzzle”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit “houses”: modification of
work by Ben Salter; credit “DNA”: modification of work by NHGRI)
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Cell —-=——:’.””~
membrane
Dendrite
Myelin —
sheath
Terminal —–t) Jf””‘~
buttons
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.8
This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being myelinated.
Neurotransmitter
attached to
receptor
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.9
(a) The synapse is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another
neuron.
(b) In this pseudo-colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has
been opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains
about 10,000 neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina Carvalho, NIH-
NIGMS; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
:+ er
Cl
c
+
, er
+
er •o:=o. _
c – Cell membrane — u5 ::o A
.. ♦ – – … cr==o
o==o A
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.10
At resting potential, Na+ (blue pentagons) is more highly concentrated outside the cell
in the extracellular fluid (shown in blue), whereas K+ (purple squares) is more highly
concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other
molecules, such as chloride ions (yellow circles) and negatively charged proteins
(brown squares), h elp contribute to a positive net charge in the extracellular fluid and a
negative net charge in the intracellular fluid.
+30 ->
E -ca
‘.;:; 0
C
Q,) …,
0
C.
Q,)
C: ca … E -ss
Threshold of
excitation
– – – ~ — –
/ Peak action potential
–Repolarization
Q,)
~ – 70~==–_,,
Resting potential
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.11
During the action potential, the electrical charge across the membrane
changes dramatically.
Reuptake
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.12
Reuptake involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into
the axon terminal from which it was released.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.13
The nervous system is divided into two major parts:
(a) the Central Nervous System and
(b) the Peripheral Nervous System.
Parasympathetic Nervous
system
Cons1ricts pupil ·~
liiilt ,,,
,::
.—- l)1lu1~ pupil
~ ==::::::::….r– lnh1bns sahvaoon
~– Increases heart rate
I-\—r>ilotc-s bronchi
I!~-,, l:: I ,,, ,., n
;::
il1.
lnh1b1ts digestion
Inhibits
contraction of
hladdet
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.14
The sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system have
the opposite effects on various
systems.
Longitudinal fissure
Sulci Gyri
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Figure 3.15
The surface of the brain is covered with gyri and sulci. A deep sulcus is called
a fissure, s uch as t he longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into left and
right hemispheres. (credit: modification of work by Bruce Blaus)
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.16
(a, b) The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the
brain. (c) A scientist spreads this dissected sheep brain apart to show the
corpus callosum between the hemispheres. (credit c: modification of work
by Aaron Bornstein)
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
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Figure 3.17
The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Parietal lobe
TemporaJ lobe
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Figure 3.18
The lobes of the brain are shown.
or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.19
(a) Phineas Gage holds the iron rod
that
penetrated his skull
in an 1848
railroad
construction
accident.
(b) Gage’s prefrontal
cortex was severely
damaged in the left
hemisphere.
The rod
entered Gage’s face on the left
side,
passed behind
his eye,
and exited through the
top
of his skull,
before landing
about
80
feet aw
ay.
(credit
a:
modification of work by
This
Jac
OpenStax
k
and Bev
ancillary
erly
W
resource
ilgus)
is© Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced
Cerebral
cortex
Eyebrows
and eyelids
Eyeballs
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Figure 3.20
Spatial relationships in the body are mirrored in the organization of the
somatosensory cortex.
area
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
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Figure 3.21
Damage to either Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area can result in language
deficits. The types of deficits are very different, however, depending on
which area is affected.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.22
The thalamus serves as t he relay center of the brain where most senses are
routed for processing.
Figure 3.23
The limbic system is involved in mediating emotional response and memory.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.24
The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are located in the
midbrain.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
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Figure 3.25
The pons, medulla, and cerebellum make up the hindbrain.
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
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Figure 3.26
A C T scan can be used to show brain tumors. (a) The image on the left shows a
healthy brain, whereas (b) the image on the right indicates a brain tumor in the
left frontal lobe. (credit a: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia
Commons; credit b: modification of work by Roland Schmitt et al)
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.27
A PET scan is helpful for showing
activity i n different parts of the
brain. (credit: Health and Human
Services Department, National
Institutes of Health)
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similat1y available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.28
An fMRI shows activity in the brain
over time. T his image represents a
single frame from an fMRI. (credit:
modification of work by Kim J,
Matthews NL, Park S.)
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or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images
credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.
Figure 3.29
Using caps with electrodes, modern EEG research can study the precise
timing of overall brain activities. (credit: SMI Eye Tracking)
I ~~)
~ – · · ■ ~
I,
•
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
cartilage
o f lhe larynx
Parathyroid
glands (on
posterior sid~
of thyroid)
Tmchco
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Figure 3.30
The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.
Sect
Figure
Figure
Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology
Psychology
Psychology
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
Figure
Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of
how the human brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography),
CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and Human
Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center”: modification of work
by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim
J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Figure
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2
Figure
Normal blood cells travel freely through the blood vessels, while sickle
–
shaped cells form blockages preventing blood flow.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3
Figure
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
In 1859, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection
in his book,
On the Origin of Species
.
(b)
(b)
(b)
The book contains just one illustration: this diagram that shows how species
evolve over time through natural selection.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.4
Figure
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material
(DNA) inherited from one’s parents.
(b)
(b)
(b)
Phenotype describes an individual’s observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin
color, height, and build. (credit a: modification of work by Caroline Davis; credit b:
modification of work by Cory
Zanker
)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5
Figure
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
A
Punnett
square is a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring. The
capital B represents the dominant allele, and the lowercase b represents the recessive allele. In the
example of the cleft chin, where B is cleft chin (dominant allele), wherever a pair contains the
dominant allele, B, you can expect a cleft chin phenotype. You can expect a smooth chin
phenotype only when there are two copies of the recessive allele, bb.
(b)
(b)
(b)
A cleft chin, shown here, is an inherited trait.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6
Figure
In this
Punnett
square, N represents the normal allele, and p represents the
recessive allele that is associated with PKU. If two individuals mate who are
both heterozygous for the allele associated with PKU, their offspring have a
25% chance of expressing the PKU phenotype.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.7
Figure
Nature and nurture work together like complex pieces of a human puzzle. The
interaction of our environment and genes makes us the individuals we are. (credit
“puzzle”: modification of work by Cory
Zanker
; credit “houses”: modification of
work by Ben Salter; credit “DNA”: modification of work by NHGRI)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8
Figure
This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being
myelinated
.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.9
Figure
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
The synapse is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another
neuron.
(b)
(b)
(b)
In this pseudo
–
colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has
been opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains
about 10,000 neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina
Carvalho
, NIH
–
NIGMS; scale
–
bar data from Matt Russell)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.10
Figure
At resting potential, Na
+
(blue pentagons) is more highly concentrated outside the cell
in the extracellular fluid (shown in blue), whereas K
+
(purple squares) is more highly
concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other
molecules, such as chloride ions (yellow circles) and negatively charged proteins
(brown squares), help contribute to a positive net charge in the extracellular fluid and a
negative net charge in the intracellular fluid.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.11
Figure
During the action potential, the electrical charge across the membrane
changes dramatically.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.12
Figure
Reuptake involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into
the axon terminal from which it was released.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.13
Figure
The nervous system is divided into two major parts:
(a)
(a)
(a)
the Central Nervous System and
(b)
(b)
(b)
the
Peripheral
Nervous
System
.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.14
Figure
The sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system have
the opposite effects on various
systems.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.15
Figure 3.15
Figure 3.15
Figure 3.15
Figure
The surface of the brain is covered with
gyri
and sulci. A deep sulcus is called
a fissure, such as the longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into left and
right hemispheres. (credit: modification of work by Bruce
Blaus
)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.16
Figure
(a, b)
The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the
brain.
(c)
A scientist spreads this dissected sheep brain apart to show the
corpus callosum between the hemispheres. (credit c: modification of work
by Aaron Bornstein)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.17
Figure
The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.18
Figure 3.18
Figure 3.18
Figure 3.18
Figure
The lobes of the brain are shown.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.19
Figure 3.19
Figure 3.19
Figure 3.19
Figure
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Phineas Gage holds the iron rod that penetrated his skull in an 1848 railroad
construction accident.
(b)
(b)
(b)
Gage’s prefrontal cortex was severely damaged in the left hemisphere. The rod
entered Gage’s face on the left side, passed behind his eye, and exited through the
top of his skull, before landing about 80 feet away. (credit a: modification of work by
Jack and Beverly
Wilgus
)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.20
Figure 3.20
Figure 3.20
Figure 3.20
Figure
Spatial relationships in the body are mirrored in the organization of the
somatosensory cortex.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.21
Figure
Damage to either
Broca’s
area or Wernicke’s area can result in language
deficits. The types of deficits are very different, however, depending on
which area is affected.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.22
Figure 3.22
Figure 3.22
Figure 3.22
Figure
The thalamus serves as the relay center of the brain where most senses are
routed for processing.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.23
Figure 3.23
Figure 3.23
Figure 3.23
Figure
The limbic system is involved in mediating emotional response and memory.
Figure
Figure 3.24
Figure 3.24
Figure 3.24
Figure 3.24
Figure
The
substantia
nigra
and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are located in the
midbrain.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.25
Figure 3.25
Figure 3.25
Figure 3.25
Figure
The pons, medulla, and cerebellum make up the hindbrain.
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.26
Figure 3.26
Figure 3.26
Figure 3.26
Figure
A CT scan can be used to show brain tumors.
(a)
The image on the left shows a
healthy brain, whereas
(b)
the image on the right indicates a brain tumor in the
left frontal lobe. (credit a: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia
Commons; credit b: modification of work by Roland Schmitt et al)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.27
Figure 3.27
Figure 3.27
Figure 3.27
Figure
A PET scan is helpful for showing
activity in different parts of the
brain. (credit: Health and Human
Services Department, National
Institutes of Health)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
Span
Span
Figure 3.28
Figure 3.28
Figure 3.28
Figure 3.28
Figure
An fMRI shows activity in the brain
over time. This image represents a
single frame from an fMRI. (credit:
modification of work by Kim J,
Matthews NL, Park S.)
Figure
Textbox
P
Span
Span
Span
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Figure 3.29
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Using caps with electrodes, modern EEG research can study the precise
timing of overall brain activities. (credit: SMI Eye Tracking)
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Figure 3.30
Figure 3.30
Figure 3.30
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The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.
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