Question 11 ptsHumans aren’t the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Polluted
Pristine
Tumors present
26
15
No tumors
74
85
What proportion of all fish have tumors?
Group of answer choices
15%
20%
26%
41%
Flag question: Question 2
Question 21 pts
Humans aren’t the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Polluted
Pristine
Tumors present
26
15
No tumors
74
85
What is the odds ratio for tumors for fish in the polluted lake compared to the pristine
lake?
Group of answer choices
1.11
1.73
1.99
2.85
Flag question: Question 3
Question 31 pts
There are many claims that eating organic food leads to better health outcomes. To
study this, a dietician collects data from her patients: She categorizes their blood
pressure values into elevated and healthy and she administers a questionnaire from
which she is able to classify their diet into high in organic food and low in organic food.
The number of patients with high organic food consumption who had elevated and
healthy blood pressures were 33 and 74 respectively. The number of patients with low
organic food consumption who had elevated and healthy blood pressures were 287 and
395 respectively.
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
type of diet and blood pressure, she would conduct a χ2 analysis. Based on the results
of her analysis, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?
Group of answer choices
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly reduce the risk of high
blood pressure (P > 0.05).
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly reduce the risk of high
blood pressure (P < 0.05).
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly elevate the risk of high
blood pressure (P < 0.05).
These data do not provide sufficient evidence that eating higher amounts of organic
food changes the risk of high blood pressure (P > 0.05).
Flag question: Question 4
Question 41 pts
Consider an experiment in which adult laboratory mice were fed one of three diets: high
fat, low fat, and a control diet. The mice were weighed, received these diets for 2
weeks, and then were weighed again. The table below shows the results of the
experiment.
Diet
Gained weight
Lost weight
High Fat
79
21
Low Fat
30
69
Control
70
30
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
diet and weight gain or loss, we would conduct a χ2 analysis. When performing this
analysis, which of the values below is closest to the number of degrees of freedom we
would use?
Group of answer choices
2
3
4
5
Flag question: Question 5
Question 51 pts
Consider the following values for numbers of major traffic accidents involving male and
female drivers. The accidents are divided into ones involving a fatality and ones that did
not. What is the relative risk for male drivers with regard to fatal accidents?
Males
Females
Fatal
275
142
Nonfatal
3024
564
Assuming a null hypothesis of no relationship between sex of the driver and fatality of
their accidents, which of the following values is closest to the expected number of fatal
accidents involving male drivers?
Group of answer choices
189
209
229
249
Flag question: Question 6
Question 61 pts
Consider an experiment in which adult laboratory mice were fed one of three diets: high
fat, low fat, and a control diet. The mice were weighed, received these diets for 2
weeks, and then were weighed again. The table below shows the results of the
experiment.
Diet
Gained weight
Lost weight
High Fat
79
21
Low Fat
30
69
Control
70
30
What proportion of mice in the experiment gained weight?
Group of answer choices
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.90
Flag question: Question 7
Question 71 pts
Humans aren’t the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Tumors present
Polluted
Pristine
26
15
No tumors
74
85
Assuming a null hypothesis of no relationship between exposure to pollution and risk of
developing tumors, which of the following values is closest to the expected number of
fish with tumors in the polluted lake?
Group of answer choices
15.5
20.5
25.5
30.5
Flag question: Question 8
Question 81 pts
Consider an experiment in which a pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug that it
hopes will lower cholesterol levels. The scientists administer three treatments: a dose of
the drug, a dose of a placebo, and a control group that receives neither drug nor
placebo. After 24 hours, they then measured the cholesterol levels and compared the
values to baseline levels measured prior to treatment. The table below shows the
results of the experiment.
Treatment
Drug
Placebo
Control
Chol. lower
64
51
48
Chol. increased or th
36
49
52
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
the treatment and changes in cholesterol level, they would conduct a χ2 analysis. When
performing this analysis, which of the values below is closest to the χ2 value they would
compare the calculated value to in order to determine significance at the 5% level?
Group of answer choices
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
Flag question: Question 9
Question 91 pts
When two heterozygotes are mated, the ratios of the offspring produced should be in a
1:2:1 ratio if normal Mendelian segregation is occurring. If one of the alleles is dominant,
then the phenotypes observed should be present in a 3:1 ratio with the dominant
phenotype more common than the recessive one. We can use an χ2 goodness-of-fit
test to test whether the ratio of offspring is indeed 3:1. Imagine a cross is performed and
the number of offspring observed is 67 with the dominant phenotype and 33 with the
recessive phenotype. Using the table of critical values shown, what is the P-value range
we would obtain for our test?
Group of answer choices
0.05 < P
0.025 < P < 0.05
0.01 < P < 0.025
P < 0.01
Flag question: Question 10
Question 101 pts
Consider a study in which people were recruited and followed for 40 years to determine
their health problems. The researchers were interested in lung cancer, so at the end of
the study they counted the number of participants who had died from lung cancer, or
currently had it, and those that did not. They also counted how many were nonsmokers
their whole life or had been smokers at some point in their lives. The number of
nonsmokers with lung cancer was 36 and the number of nonsmokers with no sign of
lung cancer was 815. The number of smokers with lung cancer was 26 and the number
of smokers with no sign of lung cancer was 161.
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
smoking and risk of lung cancer, we would conduct a χ2 analysis. When performing this
analysis, which of the values below is closest to the χ2 statistic we would obtain?
Group of answer choices
21.54
23.35
25.54
27.35
Question 11 pts
Humans aren't the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Polluted
Pristine
Tumors present
26
15
No tumors
74
85
What proportion of all fish have tumors?
Group of answer choices
15%
20%
26%
41%
Flag question: Question 2
Question 21 pts
Humans aren't the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Polluted
Pristine
Tumors present
26
15
No tumors
74
85
What is the odds ratio for tumors for fish in the polluted lake compared to the pristine
lake?
Group of answer choices
1.11
1.73
1.99
2.85
Flag question: Question 3
Question 31 pts
There are many claims that eating organic food leads to better health outcomes. To
study this, a dietician collects data from her patients: She categorizes their blood
pressure values into elevated and healthy and she administers a questionnaire from
which she is able to classify their diet into high in organic food and low in organic food.
The number of patients with high organic food consumption who had elevated and
healthy blood pressures were 33 and 74 respectively. The number of patients with low
organic food consumption who had elevated and healthy blood pressures were 287 and
395 respectively.
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
type of diet and blood pressure, she would conduct a χ2 analysis. Based on the results
of her analysis, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?
Group of answer choices
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly reduce the risk of high
blood pressure (P > 0.05).
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly reduce the risk of high
blood pressure (P < 0.05).
Eating higher amounts of organic food appears to significantly elevate the risk of high
blood pressure (P < 0.05).
These data do not provide sufficient evidence that eating higher amounts of organic
food changes the risk of high blood pressure (P > 0.05).
Flag question: Question 4
Question 41 pts
Consider an experiment in which adult laboratory mice were fed one of three diets: high
fat, low fat, and a control diet. The mice were weighed, received these diets for 2
weeks, and then were weighed again. The table below shows the results of the
experiment.
Diet
Gained weight
Lost weight
High Fat
79
21
Low Fat
30
69
Control
70
30
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
diet and weight gain or loss, we would conduct a χ2 analysis. When performing this
analysis, which of the values below is closest to the number of degrees of freedom we
would use?
Group of answer choices
2
3
4
5
Flag question: Question 5
Question 51 pts
Consider the following values for numbers of major traffic accidents involving male and
female drivers. The accidents are divided into ones involving a fatality and ones that did
not. What is the relative risk for male drivers with regard to fatal accidents?
Males
Females
Fatal
275
142
Nonfatal
3024
564
Assuming a null hypothesis of no relationship between sex of the driver and fatality of
their accidents, which of the following values is closest to the expected number of fatal
accidents involving male drivers?
Group of answer choices
189
209
229
249
Flag question: Question 6
Question 61 pts
Consider an experiment in which adult laboratory mice were fed one of three diets: high
fat, low fat, and a control diet. The mice were weighed, received these diets for 2
weeks, and then were weighed again. The table below shows the results of the
experiment.
Diet
Gained weight
Lost weight
High Fat
79
21
Low Fat
30
69
Control
70
30
What proportion of mice in the experiment gained weight?
Group of answer choices
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.90
Flag question: Question 7
Question 71 pts
Humans aren’t the only animals that get cancer; other organisms get tumors, as well,
and their risk may be influenced by environmental factors. An ecologist decides to study
whether pollution in lakes causes cancer, so he collects 100 fish from each of two lakes,
one known to be polluted and the other known to be pristine. He then dissects them and
determines if they have tumors in their tissues or not. His data is shown below.
Tumors present
Polluted
Pristine
26
15
No tumors
74
85
Assuming a null hypothesis of no relationship between exposure to pollution and risk of
developing tumors, which of the following values is closest to the expected number of
fish with tumors in the polluted lake?
Group of answer choices
15.5
20.5
25.5
30.5
Flag question: Question 8
Question 81 pts
Consider an experiment in which a pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug that it
hopes will lower cholesterol levels. The scientists administer three treatments: a dose of
the drug, a dose of a placebo, and a control group that receives neither drug nor
placebo. After 24 hours, they then measured the cholesterol levels and compared the
values to baseline levels measured prior to treatment. The table below shows the
results of the experiment.
Treatment
Drug
Placebo
Control
Chol. lower
64
51
48
Chol. increased or th
36
49
52
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
the treatment and changes in cholesterol level, they would conduct a χ2 analysis. When
performing this analysis, which of the values below is closest to the χ2 value they would
compare the calculated value to in order to determine significance at the 5% level?
Group of answer choices
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
Flag question: Question 9
Question 91 pts
When two heterozygotes are mated, the ratios of the offspring produced should be in a
1:2:1 ratio if normal Mendelian segregation is occurring. If one of the alleles is dominant,
then the phenotypes observed should be present in a 3:1 ratio with the dominant
phenotype more common than the recessive one. We can use an χ2 goodness-of-fit
test to test whether the ratio of offspring is indeed 3:1. Imagine a cross is performed and
the number of offspring observed is 67 with the dominant phenotype and 33 with the
recessive phenotype. Using the table of critical values shown, what is the P-value range
we would obtain for our test?
Group of answer choices
0.05 < P
0.025 < P < 0.05
0.01 < P < 0.025
P < 0.01
Flag question: Question 10
Question 101 pts
Consider a study in which people were recruited and followed for 40 years to determine
their health problems. The researchers were interested in lung cancer, so at the end of
the study they counted the number of participants who had died from lung cancer, or
currently had it, and those that did not. They also counted how many were nonsmokers
their whole life or had been smokers at some point in their lives. The number of
nonsmokers with lung cancer was 36 and the number of nonsmokers with no sign of
lung cancer was 815. The number of smokers with lung cancer was 26 and the number
of smokers with no sign of lung cancer was 161.
To determine whether there appears to be a statistically significant relationship between
smoking and risk of lung cancer, we would conduct a χ2 analysis. When performing this
analysis, which of the values below is closest to the χ2 statistic we would obtain?
Group of answer choices
21.54
23.35
25.54
27.35
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