Government and Non Profit Accounting Worksheet

Law101Action Items
In Brazil, the export industry always finds ways to cut costs. The international community
expressed its dismay at the manufacturers’ latest cost-cutting decision to replace flouride
with diethylene glycol in toothpaste. Flouride is designed to strengthen teeth enamel.
Diethylene glycol is a poisonous substance used to make chemicals that are widely used by
the automobile industry.
The end product exported from Brazil was poisonous toothpaste that was not labeled to
indicate that it contained diethylene glycol. When the poisonous chemical was found in the
toothpaste, Costa Rican government officials issued a warning telling consumers to discard
the toothpaste. In 2019, a study found that toothpaste containing diethylene glycol was
harmless if the chemical concentration was below 15.6 percent. The contaminated
toothpaste found in Costa Rica contained levels as high as 5 percent Costa Rican government
officials warned that it was unsafe in any concentration. It is especially harmful for children,
as well as those suffering from weakened kidneys.
In July 2020, due to growing concern about the safety of the imported toothpaste, the Costa
Rican government banned all manufacturers from using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.
Investigators believed that the toothpaste originated from two small manufacturers in the
Brazil but the manufacturers denied any wrongdoing.
The contaminated toothpaste was found in five shipping containers but there have not been
any confirmed illnesses or deaths from using the contaminated toothpaste.
If you were manufacturing toothpaste and decided to substitute diethylene glycol for
glycerin, would you consider it your ethical obligation to tell the consumer?
Submission Instructions
• Complete and submit this assignment per your professor’s instructions.
Answer : 800 – 1000 words
—
References ..
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Assignment (2)
Deadline: Saturday 03/June/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name: Advanced Financial
Accounting
Student’s Name:
Course Code: ACCT 302
Student’s
Semester: 3rd
CRN: 31300
Academic Year: 1444 H
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Mohammed Arshad Khan
Students’ Grade:
/15
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
• The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
• Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
• Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be
reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover
page.
• Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
• Late submission will NOT be accepted.
• Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or
other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
• All answers must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font.
No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism.
• Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
(1) Stubben Corporation is a 90%-owned subsidiary of Parker Corporation, acquired
for $290,000 on 1/1/2005.
o Investment cost was equal to book value and fair value.
o Stubben’s net income in 2005 was $80,000, and Parker’s income, excluding its
income from Stubben, was $100,000.
o Parker’s income includes a $8,000 unrealized gain on land that cost $40,000 and
was sold to Stubben for $48,000.
o Assume that Stubben sold the land in 2007 for $64,000. Assume Parker adjusts
for this transaction in the equity accounts.
o Split up the adjustment for unrealized gains proportionately.
Required:
1. What Entry(ies) would Parker make in 2005 and 2007?
2. Prepare the consolidation entries at 12/31/2005, 12/31/2006, and 12/31/2007.
(5 Marks)
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
(2) Relationship between Currencies and Exchange Rates:
Exchange Rates
January 1, 2022
June 30, 2022 December 31, 2022
Direct Exchange
Rate
Indirect Exchange
Rate
Required:
a) Choose any two currencies of the two nations
b) Determine the Direct and Indirect Exchange Rates on the above given dates
in table.
c) Explain clearly the Decrease or Increase in the DER and IER during the two
period given in the table.
d) Explain Relative Strengths and Weaknesses of these currencies during these
periods.
e) Discuss the impact of Changes in the Exchange Rates on the Import and
Export of these nations.
(5 Marks)
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
(3) Partnership form of business organisation has certain pros and cons. Explain any
Two advantages and Two Disadvantage of Partnership form of business
organisation.
(5 Marks)
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Assignment (2)
Deadline: Saturday 03/06/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name:
Student’s Name:
Course Code: ACCT403
Student’s ID Number:
Semester: 3rd
CRN:
Academic Year: 1444 H
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name:
Students’ Grade:
/15
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
• The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
• Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
• Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be
reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover
page.
• Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
• Late submission will NOT be accepted.
• Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or
other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
• All answers must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font.
No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism.
• Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Assignment Questions
Question 1:
(15Marks)
(5 MARKS)
A. Prepare a questionnaire (Minimum 10 questions) for a survey/interview on the question you
came up from the activity you did in assignment 1 that is Q2( Write a description of the research
problem you propose to investigate and explain why you chose this topic.)
.
Question 2.
(5 Marks)
Explain interview methods and the areas of concern in conducting them. Give
example for each method.
●
Question 3.
(2.5 Mark)
Q2. What are the characteristics of a good sample?
Question 4.
(2.5 Marks)
Q4. Explain why the publication in a Refereed journal articles is more difficult
than Professional journal articles.
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Assignment (2)
Deadline: Sunday 03/06/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name: Government and Non
Profit Accounting
Student’s Name:
Course Code: ACCT321
Student’s ID Number:
Semester: Third Term 22/23
CRN:
Academic Year: 1444 H
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Mohammed Arshad Khan
Students’ Grade:
/15
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
• The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
• Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
• Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be
reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover
page.
• Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
• Late submission will NOT be accepted.
• Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or
other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
• All answers must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font.
No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism.
• Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
1
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Assignment Question(s):
(Marks 15)
Question 1:
(5 Marks)
1. Prepare a Statement of Cash Flows from following information related to Internal Service
Fund of City of Riyadh.
Purchase of Capital Assets
Receipts from Customers
Payment to Suppliers
Cash Balance at the Beginning of the year
Operating Income
Depreciation
Decrease in Inventories
Increase in Account Payable
Interest Received
$ 50,000
400,000
85,000
25,000
9,000
8,000
2,000
4,000
12,000
Solution:
2
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Question 2:
(5 Marks)
2. Prepare entries to record the following transactions related to acquisition of capital
assets by a county. The county does not use encumbrance accounting.
a.
The county issues general obligation bonds in the amount of SAR 900,000,
receiving cash for the full face amount of the bonds. The cash will be used
to buy capital assets.
b.
The county buys a prefabricated building for SAR 750,000, using part of
the bond proceeds. The building is delivered and the invoice for the
building is approved.
c. The invoice approved in b. is paid.
d.
The General Fund transfers cash of SAR 55,000 to another fund in
anticipation of the payment of the first installment of interest (SAR 30,000)
and principal (SAR 25,000) on the debt.
e.
The first installment of debt service on bonds issued in (a) becomes due
and payable.
f.
Debt service on the bonds issued in a. is paid.
Answer:
3
College of Administration and Finance Sciences
Question 3:
(5 Marks)
Q3. Describe the term “The Financial Reporting Entity” and its various types.
4
‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫وزارة التعليم‬
‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Assignment 2
Strategic Management (MGT 401)
Due Date: 03/06/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name: Strategic Management
Student’s Name:
Course Code: MGT 401
Student’s ID Number:
Semester: Third Semester
CRN: 35155
Academic Year:2022-23-3rd
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Swapnali Baruah
Students’ Grade: /15
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
General Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recognize the basic concepts and terminology used in Strategic Management. (CLO1)
2. Describe the different issues related to environmental scanning, strategy formulation, and
strategy implementation in diversified organizations. (CLO2)
3. Explain the contribution of functional, business, and corporate strategies to the competitive
advantage of the organization. (CLO3)
4. Distinguish between different types and levels of strategy and strategy implementation.
(CLO4)
5. Communicate issues, results, and recommendations coherently, and effectively regarding
appropriate strategies for different situations. (CLO6)
This assignment includes 2 sections:
I.
Case study
Assignment Question(s):
Read carefully case No 8 from your textbook (entitled ‘iRobot: Finding the Right Market Mix?) and
answer the following questions: (1 mark each question)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Draw the SWOT matrix of the iRobot company.
What is the competitive strategy used by iRobot company?
Use the five forces of the M. Porter matrix to describe the robot-based product industry.
Describe the different functional strategies of the iRobot company.
Describe the relationship of iRobot with its primary stakeholders.
Suppliers:
6. Describe the core competency and the outsourcing strategy of iRobot.
7. What kind of strategic alliance is used by iRobot? Why does iRobot choose it?
8. What are the main challenges that iRobot faces?
9. Assess the competitive advantage of iRobot in its market.
10. Recommend solutions for iRobot to improve its competitive advantage.
II.
Mini-project
From real national/international market, select any type of strategic alliance between two firms and answer
the following questions: (1 mark each question)
1. Briefly introduce your chosen firms, partners of the strategic alliance (industry, nationality, size,
market position…). Max 150 words
2. What is the type of strategic alliance used by your chosen firms? Explain its different reasons.
3. What is the method used by the firms to manage their cultures after the alliance? underline the pros
and cons of this method.
4. Is this strategic alliance successful? Justify.
5. What recommendations can you provide to the managers of these firms to improve their
competitiveness?
Notes.
✓ Use at least 4 references for your answers to section II.
✓ All references used should be listed by the end of your analysis, using the APA style.
Answers
I.
Case Study
II.
Mini project
1.
2.
…
CASE
25
iRobot:
Finding the Right Market Mix?
Alan N. Hoffman
Bentley University
iRobot Corporation, founded in 1990 in Delaware, has designed and built a vast
array of behavior-based robots for home, military, and industrial uses, and is among the
first companies to introduce robotic technology into the consumer market. Home care
robots are iRobot’s most successful products, with over 5 million units sold worldwide,
accounting for over half of its total annual revenue. iRobot also had a long-standing contractual relationship with the U.S. government to produce robots for military defense.
The company is fully gauged toward first-mover radical innovation with an extensive R&D budget. Made up of over 500 of the most distinguished robotics professionals
in the world, it aims at leading the robotics industry. By forming alliances with companies like Boeing and Advanced Scientific Concepts, it is able to develop and improve
upon products that it otherwise is incapable of obtaining solely through its own technology.
The company also has a healthy financial position with an excellent cash and long-term
debt rate.
Despite these competencies, iRobot still has serious concerns. Although the robotics
industry is not highly competitive, iRobot needs more competition to help build up the total
scale and visibility of the fledgling industry it has pioneered. Home care robots, its biggest
revenue source, is a luxury supplemental good. Times of economic recession, however, could
prove to be a problem for the sales of iRobot’s consumer goods, given that discretionary budgets are likely decreased. In addition, iRobot had over 70 patents, many of which will begin to
expire in 2019. In a rapidly advancing industry, technology can also become obsolete quickly
This case was prepared by Professor Alan N. Hoffman, Bentley University and Erasmus University. Copyright ©
2010 by Alan N. Hoffman. The copyright holder is solely responsible for case content. Reprint permission is solely
granted to the publisher, Prentice Hall, for Strategic Management and Business Policy, 13th Edition (and the international and electronic versions of this book) by the copyright holder, Alan N. Hoffman. Any other publication of the
case (translation, any form of electronics or other media) or sale (any form of partnership) to another publisher will be
in violation of copyright law, unless Alan N. Hoffman has granted an additional written permission. Reprinted by permission. The author would like to thank MBA students Jeremy Elias, Ryan Herrick, Steven Iem, Jaspreet Khambay,
and Marina Smirnova at Bentley University for their research. RSM Case Development Centre prepared this case to
provide material for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management
situation. Copyright © 2010, RSM Case Development Centre, Erasmus University. No part of this publication may
be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distributed in any form or medium whatsoever without the permission
of the copyright owner, Alan N. Hoffman.
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C ase 2 5   iRobot
and render patents useless. Additionally, iRobot is highly dependent on several third-party
suppliers to manufacture its consumer products. It also depends on the U.S. government for
the sales of its military products. Any volatility in its supply chain or in government fiscal
policy will have grave consequences upon the company’s future.
Company History
In the late 1980s, the coolest robots in the world were being developed at the MIT Artificial
Intelligence Lab. These robots, modeled on insects, captured the imagination of researchers,
explorers, military, and dreamers alike. iRobot cofounders, MIT professor Rodney Brooks
and graduates Colin Angle and Helen Greiner, saw this technology as the basis for a whole
new class of robots that could make people’s lives easier and more fun. In 1990, iRobot was
incorporated in the state of Delaware.1
After leaving the MIT extraterrestrial labs, the three entrepreneurs focused their business on extraterrestrial exploration, introducing the Genghis for robotic researchers in 1990.
In 1998, the founders shifted their focus onto military tactile robots and consumer robots
after landing a pivotal contract with the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
(DARPA). This contract provided funding for the necessary R&D to develop new technologies. As a direct result, iRobot delivered the PacBot to the government in 2001 to assist in
the search at the NYC World Trade Center. In 2010, thousands of PacBots were serving the
country on the war front.
In 2002, iRobot began selling its first practical and affordable home robot, the Roomba
vacuuming robot. With millions of Roomba vacuums sold, iRobot has continued to develop
and unveil new consumer robots such as a robotic gutter cleaner and a pool vacuum. In
2005, iRobot raised US$120 million in its IPO and began trading on the NASDAQ stock
exchange.
iRobot’s Products and Distribution
iRobot designs and builds robots for consumer, government, and industrial use, as shown
in Exhibit 1. On the consumer robots front, the company offers floor cleaning robots, pool
cleaning robots, gutter cleaning robots, and programmable robots. iRobot sells its home
robots through a network of over 30 national retailers. Internationally, iRobot relies on a
network of in-country distributors to sell these products to retail stores in their respective
countries. iRobot also sells its products through its own online store and other online stores
like Amazon and Wal-Mart.
Home robots have been the company’s most successful products, with over 5 million
units sold worldwide. Sales of home robots accounted for 55.5% and 56.4% of iRobot’s
total revenue in 2009 and 2008, respectively.2 Currently, iRobot is exploring new technological opportunities, including those that can automatically clean windows, showers,
and toilets. The potential to fully clean one’s house using automated robots is appealing to
customers.
On the government and industrial robotics front, iRobot offered both ground and maritime unmanned vehicles, selling the vehicles directly to end-users or through prime contractors and distributors.3 Its government customers included the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine
Corp, U.S. Army and Marine Corps Robotic Systems Joint Program office, U.S. Navy EOD
Technical Division, U.S. Air Force, and Domestic Police and First Responders. For 2009
and 2008, 36.9% and 40.3% (respectively) of iRobot total revenue came from the U.S.
government.
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Case 25  iRobot
Exhibit 1
iRobot Complete
Product Listing
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Consumer Products:
Roomba floor vacuuming robot: vacuum floors and rugs at the press of a button
(US$129–US$549).
 Scooba floor washing robot: preps, washes, scrubs, and dries hard floor surfaces
(US$299–US$499).
 Verro pool cleaning robot: cleans a standard size pool in about an hour while removing debris
as small as two microns from the pool floor, walls, and stairs (US$399–US$999).
 Looj gutter cleaning robot: simplifies the difficult and dangerous job of gutter cleaning
(US$69–US$129).
 Create programmable robot: a fully assembled programmable robot based on the Roomba
technology that is compatible with Roomba’s rechargeable batteries, remote control, and
other accessories (US$129–US$299).

Government and Industrial Products:
iRobot 510 PackBot (advanced EOD configuration)
iRobot 510 PackBot (FasTac configuration)
 iRobot 510 PackBot (First responder configuration)
 iRobot 510 PackBot (Engineer configuration)
 iRobot 210 Negotiator
 310 SUGV
 iRobot 1Ka Seaglider
 iRobot 710 Warrior
 Daredevil Project
 LANdroids Project


Competition
The robot-based products market is an emerging market with high entry barriers because it
requires new entrants to have access to advanced technology, as well as large amounts of
capital to invest in R&D. As a result, the market has relatively few companies competing with
each other.
iRobot competes with large and small companies, government contractors, and governmentsponsored laboratories and universities. It also competes with companies producing traditional
push vacuum cleaners, such as Dyson and Oreck.
Many of iRobot’s competitors have significantly more financial resources. These include Sweden-based AB Electrolux, German-based Kärcher, South Korea–based Samsung,
UK-based QinetiQ, and U.S.-based Lockheed, all of whom compete against iRobot mainly
in the robot vacuum cleaning market and the unmanned ground vehicle market. The iRobot
product (for example, its Roomba vacuum robot) is not the most expensive product, but is
rated the highest across the majority of comparison points.
AB Electrolux
Founded in 1910, Electrolux is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. It does business in
150 countries with sales of 109 billion SEK (US$15 billion), and is engaged in the manufacture and sales of household and professional appliances. Its Electrolux Trilobite vacuum cleaner competed with the iRobot’s Roomba vacuum cleaner in international markets.
Although Electrolux Trilobite is currently unavailable in the United States, it will likely soon
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C ase 2 5   iRobot
be sold on the company’s website. An Electrolux Trilobite is priced at about US$1800, much
more than a Roomba, which retails for between US$200 and US$500.
Alfred Kärcher GmbH & Co.
Founded in 1935, Kärcher is a German manufacturer of cleaning systems and equipment,
and is known for its high-pressure cleaners. Kärcher does business worldwide, with sales of
€1.3 billion (US$1.7 billion). In 2003, it launched Kärcher RC 3000, the world’s first
autonomous cleaning system, which competes with the iRobot Roomba vacuum cleaner in
international markets. Kärcher RC 3000 is not currently sold in the United States but can be
purchased and shipped directly from Germany for approximately US$1500.
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
Founded in 1969, Samsung is headquartered in South Korea. It is the world’s largest electronics company, with a revenue of US$117.4 billion in 2009. It is a prominent player in the world
market for more than 60 products, including home appliances such as washing machines,
refrigerators, ovens, and vacuum cleaners. In November 2009, Samsung launched Tango, its
autonomous vacuum cleaner robot, which is available in South Korea. In March 2010, the
company premiered the Samsung NaviBot, an autonomous vacuum cleaner, in Europe. It was
priced at €400 to €600 (US$516 to US$774).
QinetiQ
Founded in 2001, QinetiQ is a defense technology company headquartered in the UK with
revenues of £1.6 billion (US$2.4 billion). It produces aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles,
and energy products. iRobot’s stiffest competitor in the unmanned aerial vehicles market is
QinetiQ, which has 2500 Talon robots deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. iRobot had delivered
more than 3000 PackBot robots worldwide.
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Based in Maryland, the U.S.-based Lockheed is the world’s second-largest defense contractor
by revenue and employs 140,000 people worldwide. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed
and Martin Marietta in 1995, and competed with iRobot in the unmanned ground vehicle
market.
Research and Development at iRobot
Research and development (R&D) is a critical part of iRobot’s success. The company spends
nearly 6% of its revenue on R&D. In 2009, its total R&D costs were US$45.5 million, of
which US$14.7 million was internally funded, while the remaining amount was funded by
government-sponsored research and development contracts. iRobot believes that by utilizing
R&D capital it will be able to respond and stay ahead of customer needs by bringing new,
innovative products to the market. As of 2009, iRobot had 538 full-time employees, 254 of
which were in R&D.4
The company’s core technology areas are collaborative systems, semi-autonomous operations, advanced platforms, and human-robot interaction. Each area provides a unique benefit
to the development and advancement of robot technology. Research in these fields is done
using three different methods: team organization, spiral development, and the leveraged model.
Team organization revolves around small teams that focus on certain specific projects or
robots. They work together with all the different lines of the business to ensure that a product
is well integrated. Primary locations for these teams are Bedford, Massachusetts; Durham,
North Carolina; and San Luis Obispo, California.
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Case 25  iRobot
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Spiral development is used for military products. Newly created products are sent into
the field and tested by soldiers with an in-field engineer nearby to receive feedback from the
soldiers on the product’s performance. Updates and improvements are made in a timely manner, and the product is sent back to the field for retesting. This method of in-field testing has
allowed iRobot to quickly improve its technology and design so it can truly fulfill the needs
of its end-users.
The leveraged model uses other organizations for funding, research, and product development. iRobot’s next generation of military products are supported by various U.S. government organizations. Although the government has certain rights to these products, iRobot does
“retain ownership of patents and know-how and are generally free to develop other commercial products, including consumer and industrial products, utilizing the technologies developed during these projects.”5 The same methodology holds true when designing consumer
products. If expertise is developed that will assist in governmental projects, it is transferred to
the appropriate team.
iRobot’s continued success depends on its proprietary technology, the intellectual skills
of its employees, and its ability to innovate. The company holds at least 71 U.S. patents,
150 pending U.S. patents, 34 international patents, and more than 108 pending foreign applications. The patents held, however, will start to expire in 2019.
Financial Results
Sales, Net Income, and Gross Margins
From 2005 through 2009, iRobot’s total revenue more than doubled, from US$142 million to
US$299 million. Revenues received from products accounted for nearly 88% of total revenue,
far greater than the remaining 12% received from contract revenue, though contract revenue
showed a record high of US$36 million by the end of 2009. (See Exhibit 2).
Revenues from 2009 showed a decline of US$9 million from 2008 that was mainly
attributable to a 6.3% decrease in home robots shipped. This decrease resulted from softening
demand in the domestic market. On a more positive note, the total US$30.9 million decrease
in domestic sales was partially offset by an increase in international sales (US$23.2 million).
Even though revenues declined in 2009, iRobot was able to control its costs and operating
expenses, resulting in an increase in net income of over four-fold, from US$756,000 in 2008
to US$3.3 million in 2009.
Cash and Long-Term Debt
iRobot is in a strong financial position regarding cash and long-term debt. In 2009, iRobot
increased its cash position by over US$31 million while decreasing the amount of long-term
debt by about US$400,000. Its cash position by the end of 2009 was US$72 million versus
US$41 million in 2010, an increase of over 77%. This put iRobot in a good position to continue investing in research and development even if sales began to slow. At the end of 2009,
iRobot’s long-term debt was just over US$4 million (see Exhibit 3). iRobot’s financial status
gives it a competitive edge, as it should be able to withstand both current and future unforeseen swings in sales, supplier issues, and the cancellation of government contracts.
Marketing
iRobot’s promotion strategies vary by product group, but neither its defense product group nor
its home care product group utilize television or radio advertising. Since defense products are
produced solely for the U.S. government, promotion is unnecessary. Home care products, on
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C ase 2 5   iRobot
Exhibit 2
Consolidated Statement of Operations: iRobot Corporation (Dollar amounts in thousands)
Year Ending
Revenue
Product revenue
Contract revenue
Total revenue
Cost of revenue
Cost of product revenue
Cost of contract revenue
Total cost of revenue
Gross margin
Operating expenses
Research and development
Selling and marketing
General and administrative
Litigation and related
expenses
Total operating expenses
Operating (loss) income
Net income
Net income attributable to
common stockholders
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
Shares used in per common
share calculations
Basic
Diluted
January 2,
2010
December 27,
2008
December 29,
2007
December 30,
2006
December 31,
2005
$262,199
36,418
298,617
$281,187
26,434
307,621
$227,457
21,624
249,081
$167,687
21,268
188,955
$124,616
17,352
141,968
176,631
30,790
207,421
91,196
190,250
23,900
214,150
93,471
147,689
18,805
166,494
82,587
103,651
15,569
119,220
69,735
81,855
12,534
94,389
47,579
14,747
40,902
30,110
17,566
46,866
28,840
17,082
44,894
20,919
17,025
33,969
18,703
11,601
21,796
12,072
—
85,759
5,437
$3,330
—
93,272
199
$756
2,341
85,236
(2,649)
$9,060
—
69,697
38
$3,565
—
45,469
2,110
$2,610
$3,330
$756
$9,060
$3,565
$1,553
$0.13
$0.13
$0.03
$0.03
$0.37
$0.36
$0.15
$0.14
$0.13
$0.11
24,998
25,640
24,654
25,533
24,229
25,501
23,516
25,601
12,007
14,331
the other hand, need to be marketed to generate public demand. iRobot aggressively utilizes
social media tools such as Facebook and Twitter primarily for promoting support services and
brand recognition. For example, Facebook had at least 10 fan pages for either iRobot Corporation or selected iRobot home cleaning products like Roomba.
Another branding strategy used by iRobot education concerns how the company
recognized that fewer and fewer American children go into STEM (science, technology,
engineering, math) areas. Because of this, it launched the SPARK (Starter Programs for the
Advancement of Robotics Knowledge) program to stimulate an interest in science and technology. The program caters to students ranging from elementary school to the university level.
iRobot also initiated an annual National Robotics Week program to educate the public on how
robotics technology impacts society. The first national robotics week was held in April 2010
in the Museum of Science in Boston.
iRobot developed an education and research robot, the Create(R) programmable mobile robot, to provide educators, students, and developers with an affordable, preassembled platform for
hands-on programming and development. Students can learn the fundamentals of robotics, computer science, and engineering; program behaviors, sounds, and movements; and attach accessories
like sensors, cameras, and grippers. It also runs a unique and multifaceted Educational Outreach
Program that includes classroom visits and tours of its company headquarters. This is all designed
to inspire students to choose careers in the robotics industry and become future roboticists.
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Exhibit 3
Consolidated Balance Sheet: iRobot Corporation (Dollar amount in thousands)
Year Ending
January 2, 2010
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $90 and $65 at January 2,
2010, and December 27, 2008, respectively
Unbilled revenue
Inventory
Deferred tax assets
Other current assets
Total current assets
Property and equipment, net
Deferred tax assets
Other assets
Total assets
December 27, 2008
$71,856
4,959
35,171
$40,852
—
35,930
1,831
32,406
8,669
4,119
159,011
20,230
6,089
14,254
$199,584
2,014
34,560
7,299
3,340
123,995
22,929
4,508
12,246
$163,678
$30,559
14,384
13,525
3,908
62,376
4,014
$19,544
10,989
6,393
2,632
39,558
4,444
—
—
251
140,613
(64)
(7,565)
(41)
133,194
248
130,637
(314)
(10,895)
—
119,676
$199,584
$163,678
Liabilities, redeemable convertible
preferred stock, and stockholders’equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses
Accrued compensation
Deferred revenue and customer advances
Total current liabilities
Long-term liabilities
Commitments and contingencies:
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, 5,000,000 shares authorized
zero outstanding
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000,000 and 100,000,000
shares authorized and 25,091,619 and 24,810,736 shares issued
and outstanding at January 2, 2010, and December 27, 2008,
respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Deferred compensation
Accumulated deficit
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Total stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock,
and stockholders’ equity
Despite multiple methods of reaching out to current and potential consumers, some
industry analysts claim iRobot lacks aggressiveness toward customer acquisition. Many
observers believe that iRobot will benefit from more competition to help build industry visibility among consumers.
Operations
iRobot is not a manufacturing company, nor has it ever claimed to be. Its core competency
is to design, develop, and market robots, not manufacture them. All non-core activities are
outsourced to third parties skilled in manufacturing. While third-party manufacturers provide
the raw materials and labor, iRobot concentrates on developing and optimizing prototypes.
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C ase 2 5   iRobot
Up until April 2010, iRobot used only two third-party manufacturers for its consumer
products: Jetta Co. Ltd. and Kin Yat Industrial Co. Ltd., both located in China. iRobot did
not have a long-term contract with either company, and the manufacturing was done on a
purchase-order basis. This changed in April 2010, when iRobot entered a multi-year manufacturing agreement with electronic parts maker Jabil Circuit Inc., which henceforth would make,
test, and supply iRobot’s consumer products, including the Roomba.6
The Robotic Industry
Robots serve a wide variety of industries, such as the consumer, automotive, military,
construction, agricultural, space, renewable energy, medical, law enforcement, utilities, manufacturing, entertainment, mining, transportation, space, and warehouse industries.
In 2008, before the economic downturn, the global market for industry robot systems
was estimated to be about 110,000 units.7 Industrial robot sales worldwide in 2009 slumped
by about 50% compared to 2008. The sales started to improve from the third quarter of 2009
onward, with the slow recovery coming from emerging markets in Asia and especially from
China. In North America and Europe, sales were also seen slowly improving from late 2009.8
The sales of professional services robots, including military and defense robots, were
about US$11 billion at the end of 2008 and were expected to grow by US$10 billion for the
period of 2009 to 2012.9
Twelve million units of household and entertainment robots were expected to be sold
from 2009 to 2012 in the mass market, with an estimated value of US$3 billion.10
New Markets
The 2009 economic recession had negative impacts on consumer spending. iRobot domestic
sales of robot vacuum cleaners, predominantly the Roomba, were down comparable to other
US$400 discretionary purchases, and its international sales also experienced a slowdown.11
In addition to lower consumer demand, the national and international credit crunches led to a
scarcity of credit, tighter lending standards, and higher interest rates on consumer and business loans. Continued disruptions in credit markets may limit consumer credit availability and
impact home robot sales.
If the robot market does not experience significant growth, the entire industry may not
survive. “Fallout has forced the robotics industry to look outside of its comfort zone and move
into emerging energy technologies like batteries, wind, and solar power,” said Roger Christian, Vice President of Marketing and International Groups at Motoman Inc. He also predicted
growing demand for robotics in health care and the food and beverage industry.12 Under the
Obama administration, there were economic incentives devoted to R&D in alternative energy
industries. For example, “the Stimulus Act passed by Congress in early 2009, a US$787 billion
package of tax cuts, state aid, and government contracts, has made some impact on the alternative energy market in favor of robotics.”13
In addition to its home care and military markets, iRobot hoped to expand into the civil
law enforcement market and the maritime market. It also explored possibilities in the health
care market.14 It partnered with the toy company Hasbro to enter the toy market with My Real
Baby—an evolutionary doll that has animatronics and emotional response software.
iRobot continued to grow its international presence by entering new markets. The percentage of its international sales rose from 38% in 2008 to 53.8% in 2009.15 Its growing focus
on international sales resulted in an increase of US$23.2 million in international home robots
revenue for 2009 compared to 2008. iRobot also sold its military products overseas in compliance with the International Traffic in Arms Regulations.
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669
Challenges Ahead
Consumer Marketplace
iRobot was competing in a new and emerging market. Although the industry had relatively
low competition, analysts believed iRobot needed “more competition, not less, to help build
up the total scale and visibility of the fledgling industry it had been pioneering.”16 If the
demand for the home robots became stagnant or declined, this would greatly impact the vitality of iRobot and put it under pressure to remain innovative and adaptive to consumer needs in
the event that it did gain widespread popularity.
iRobot’s consumer products were primarily a luxury supplemental good gauged toward
the middle and upper class. iRobot’s home cleaning robots were reasonably priced from
US$129 to US$1000, depending on the model and accessories. Such a price range was comparable with luxury brands of vacuum machines. However, times of economic recession could
prove to be a problem for iRobot’s consumer goods sales given that discretionary budgets have
contracted. To save money, iRobot’s base customers may revert to manual labor.
Supply Chain
For many years, iRobot had only two China-based manufacturers to produce its home cleaning robots and no long-term contract with either of those companies. Its best-selling Roomba
400 series and Scooba series, for example, were both produced by Jetta at a single plant in
China. This put iRobot in a high-risk situation if Jetta was unable to deliver products for any
unforeseen reason, or if quality started to dip below standards.
Fortunately, iRobot was aware of the problem and signed a new manufacturing agreement with U.S.-based Jabil Circuit. This relationship provided iRobot with numerous benefits,
including diversifying key elements of its supply chain, providing geographic flexibility to
address new markets, and expanding overall capacity to meet growing demands, explained
Jeffrey Beck, president of iRobot’s Home Robots Division. Whether this attempt to diversify
its supply chain with a new partnership will work out is of crucial importance for iRobot.
Intellectual Property
Continued development of products that are difficult to duplicate through reverse engineering
will be the key to success in the area of intellectual property. By maintaining strong relationships and giving superior service to customers such as government agencies, iRobot can
create an advantage even if they are unable to ultimately protect their technology from being
duplicated. At the same time, iRobot also needs to ensure that its employees will continue to
be innovative and create new technologies to keep iRobot competitive for years to come.
Government Contracts
Nearly 40% of iRobot’s revenues are from government-contracted military robots. As a contractor or a subcontractor to the U.S. government, iRobot is subject to federal regulations.
Fiscal policy and expenditure can be volatile, not only through a single presidency, but
certainly during the transition from one presidency to the next. The volatility and unknown
demand of the U.S. government presents a problem. The economic fallout from the recession also impacted U.S. federal budgetary considerations. Emphasis and focus was placed on
larger, more troubled industries, with large bailout packages made available to financial and
automotive companies. It remains to be seen how these large outlays will affect the federal
government’s ability to continue to fund contracts for robotics.
Strategic Alliances
iRobot relied on strategic alliances to provide technology, complementary product offerings,
and better and quicker access to markets. It entered an agreement with The Boeing Company
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C ase 2 5   iRobot
to develop and market a commercial version of the SUGV that was being developed under the
Army’s BCTM (formerly FCS) program. It also formed an alliance with Advanced Scientific
Concepts Inc. for exclusive rights to use the latter’s LADAR technology of unmanned ground
vehicles. In exchange, iRobot commited itself to purchase units from Advanced Scientific
Concepts.
iRobot’s Challenge
iRobot’s focus on home cleaning products differentiates it from all the other manufacturers in
the robotics industry, which are mainly focused on manufacturing robots for the automotive
sector. iRobot’s focus on two entirely different markets—consumer and military—allows it
(1) the ability to leverage its core capabilities and diversification, and (2) provides it with a
hedge against slower demand in one sector. By introducing robotics to the consumer market,
iRobot has created a “blue ocean of new opportunities.” However, iRobot had numerous competitors with more experience in the consumer marketplace.
An analyst wondered if the long-term success in the consumer market would require
iRobot to develop more “blue oceans.” Also, did it make sense for iRobot to continue to
develop new consumer products or would it be better off focusing on the military and aerospace marketplace?
Notes
1. http://investor.irobot.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=193096&p=irol-
12. B. Brumson, 2010, “Robotics Market Cautiously Optimis-
faq_pf
2. iRobot 2009 Annual Report, Form 10K, filed February 19, 2010.
3. Ibid.
4. iRobot 2009 Annual Report, 2010.
5. Ibid.
6. “iRobot Enters Manufacturing Deal with Jabil,” The Lowell
Sun, (April 28, 2010). http://www.lowellsun.com/latestnews/
ci_14830219.
7. http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/
8. Gudrun Litzenberger, IFR Statistical Department, “The Robotics
Industry Is Looking Ahead with Confidence to 2010,” http://www
.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0143-991X&volume=
37&issue=5&articleid=1876691&show=html
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. M. Raskino, (a), 2010, “Insights on a Future Growth Industry.”
An interview with Colin Angle, CEO, iRobot. http://my.gartner
.com/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=260&mode=2&PageID
=3460702&resId=1275816&ref=QuickSearch&sthkw=irobot.
tic for 2010.” Robotic Industries Association. http://www
.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-FeatureArticle/Robotics-Market-Cautiously-Optimistic-for-2010/
content_id/1936.
13. Ibid.
14. Robotreviews, 2010, “iRobot Celebrates Two Decades of
Innovation in Robotics,” http://www.robotreviews.com/news/
its-national-robotics-week.
15. iRobot 2009 Annual Report, 2010.
16. M. Raskino, (b), 2010, Cool Vendors in Emerging Technologies,” 2010. http://my.gartner.com/portal/server.pt?open=512&
objID=260&mode=2&PageID=3460702&resId=133843&ref=
QuickSearch&sthkw-irobot.
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