There is a planned community health project to decrease the incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV).
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Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases
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Chapter Highlights
Infectious versus communicable disease
Outbreak investigation: person, place, time
Healthcare‐associated infections
Public health surveillance
Foodborne and waterborne illnesses
Sexually transmitted diseases
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Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
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Answer to Question #1
True
Rationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
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Infectious Disease
Presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms
Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
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Communicable Disease
For a disease to be communicable, or contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host.
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Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #1
Agent
Host
Portals of entry and exit
Incubation period
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Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #2
Environment: Reservoir
Transmission
Airborne
Direct
Indirect
Droplet
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Carrier
A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease
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Colonization
The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
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Incubation Period
Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease
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Question #2
Is the following statement true or false?
An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable.
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Answer to Question #2
False
Rationale: An infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable.
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Question #3
Is the following statement true or false?
Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area.
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Answer to Question #3
False
Rationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected.
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Outbreak Investigation
Establishing the existence of an outbreak
Describing cases by person, place, and time
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Types of Outbreaks
Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area
Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
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Healthcare‐Associated Infections
Nurses play an important role in the prevention of healthcare‐associated infection and represent the first line of defense for such adverse outcomes.
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Public Health Surveillance
Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness
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Specific Communicable Diseases
Foodborne diseases
Noroviruses
Campylobacter infection
Listeria monocytogenes
Nontyphoid Salmonella
Escherichia coli O157:H7
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Waterborne Diseases
Waterborne diseases associated with drinking/potable water
Waterborne diseases associated with recreational water
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Question #4
Is the following statement true or false?
The CDC reports indicate that more than one‐fourth of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.
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Answer to Question #4
False
Rationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one‐third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Human Papillomavirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Hepatitis viruses
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Prevention and Control of Specific Infectious Diseases
Foodborne diseases
Waterborne diseases
Sexually transmitted infections
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CDC
Provides an effective system for STD prevention to assist community/public health professionals in the design, implementation, and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs
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