Please, answer the questions below:
1. Analyze the roots of public health nursing. Explain its influence on practice today.
Follow the 3 x 3 rule: minimum three paragraphs per DQ, with a minimum of three sentences each paragraph.
All answers or discussions comments submitted must be in APA format according to Publication Manual American Psychological Association (APA) (6th ed.) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-4338-0561-5
Minimum of two references, not older than 2015.
Provide plagiarism report
Chapter 1: Public Health Nursing: Present, Past, and Future
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1
Chapter Highlights
Healthcare changes in the 21st century
Characteristics of public health nursing
Public health nursing roots
Challenges for practice in the 21st century
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Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
Healthcare disparities are social conditions in which people live and work.
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Answer to Question #1
False
Rationale: Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live and work. Healthcare disparities are gaps in healthcare experienced by one population compared with another.
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Major Changes in Healthcare in the 21st Century
Development of patient/client-centered care
Increased use of technology
Increased personal responsibility
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Healthcare Changes in the 21st Century #1
Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live, their income, their social status, their education, their literacy level, their home and work environment, their support networks, their gender, their culture, and the availability of health services
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Healthcare Changes in the 21st Century #2
Healthcare disparities—differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one population compared with another
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Role of Government in Healthcare
Three core functions are as follows:
Assesses healthcare problems
Intervenes by developing relevant healthcare policy that provides access to services
Ensures that services are delivered and outcomes are achieved
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
Provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans
Lower costs
Improve access to primary care
Preventive care and prescription benefits
Cover pre-existing conditions
Extend young adults’ coverage
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Question #2
What is one of the core functions of the role of government in healthcare?
Provide affordable health insurance coverage
Improve access to primary care
Lower costs
Assess healthcare problems
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Answer to Question #2
D. Assess healthcare problems
Rationale: Three core functions are to assess healthcare problems, intervene by developing relevant healthcare policy that provides access to services, and ensure that services are delivered and outcomes are achieved. One of the goals of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is to provide affordable health insurance coverage.
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Patient/Client-Centered Care
Cultural traditions
Personal preferences
Values
Families
Lifestyles
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Technology
Rapidly advancing forms of technology are dramatically improving lives.
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Health Information Technology
Health information technology (HIT)—comprehensive management of health information and its exchange between consumers, providers, government, and insurers in a secure manner
Electronic health records
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Telehealth
Use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical healthcare, patient and professional health-related education, public health, and health administration
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Personal Responsibility for Health
Active participation in one’s own health through education and lifestyle changes
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Public Health Nursing
Public health nursing—population-based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
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Principles of Public Health Nursing #1
Client or unit of care is the population.
Primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or people as a whole.
Public health nurses collaborate with the client as an equal partner.
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Principles of Public Health Nursing #2
Primary prevention is the priority in selecting appropriate activities.
Public health nursing focuses on strategies that create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.
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Principles of Public Health Nursing #3
A public health nurse is obligated to actively identify and reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity or service.
Optimal use of available resources and creation of new evidence-based strategies is necessary to assure the best overall improvement in the health of populations.
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Principles of Public Health Nursing #4
Collaboration with other professions, populations, organizations, and stakeholder groups is the most effective way to promote and protect the health of people.
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Scope and Standards of Practice
The American Nurses Association sets the scope and standards for all professional nursing practice.
The publication Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice establishes the characteristics of competent public health nursing practice and is the legal standard of practice.
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Competencies for Public Health Nursing Practice
Three tiers of practice
Competencies associated with that level of practice
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Public Health Intervention Wheel
17 interventions
Actions taken on behalf of individuals, families, communities, and systems to protect or improve health status
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Public Health Nursing Interventions
Population-based model
Applied to individuals, families, communities, or within systems
Focuses upon prevention
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Education for Public Health Nursing Practice
Public health nursing practice
Baccalaureate degree in nursing (BS or BSN)
Generalist master’s degree as clinical nurse leader (CNL)
Public health nursing specialists in population health
MSN
MPH
MSN/MPH
Doctoral degrees: PhD, DNP, DrPH
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Roots of Public Health Nursing
Early civilization
Middle Ages
English Poor Law
Variety of reforms in 1800s
Victorian times
District nursing
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Public Health Initiatives in Early America
American social values strongly influenced by British traditions
Need for organized public health system
Lemuel Shattuck
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Lillian Wald
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Public Health Initiatives in the 20th Century
Mary Breckinridge
Early 20th-century federal healthcare initiatives
Public health in the second half of the century
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The First Decade of the 21st Century
Department of Homeland Security: fosters an all-hazards, all-disciplines approach to emergency management
Must be flexible, be politically active, embrace change, and refresh their knowledge of public health issues on a continual basis
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Engaging in Evidence-Based Practice
Evidence-based nursing is the integration of the best evidence available with clinical expertise and the values of the client to increase the quality of care.
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Evidence-Based Public Health
Public health endeavor with judicious use of evidence derived from a broad variety of science and social science research
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Epidemiology
Science of prevention
Knowledge of the natural history of diseases and the identified (risk) factors that increase a person’s susceptibility to illness
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Challenges for Public Health Nursing in the 21st Century #1
Engaging in evidence-based practice
Helping eliminate health disparities in underserved populations
Demonstrating cultural competence
Planning for community change
Contributing to a safe and healthy environment
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Challenges for Public Health Nursing in the 21st Century #2
Responding to emergencies, disasters, and terrorism
Responding to the global environment
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