Write one paragraph of 5-7 sentences on each of the 6 topics below. This is a total of three paragraphs. You should use this three paragraph format for all discussion boards. Make sure to include key concepts from your readings or other material posted in Module 4.
link: https://openstax.org/books/psychology/pages/4-introduction
Psychology
Chapter 4STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Figure 4.1
Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily
lives. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled Zwei
schlafende Mädchen auf der Ofenbank, which translates as “two sleeping
girls on the stove,” by Swiss painter Albert Anker.)
99.3
tr 99.0
0 -e 98.6
:,
~ 98.3
Q)
Q.
E 97.8
~
97.5
Circadian Change in Body Temperature
(Source: Waterhouse et al ., 2012)
Sleep
97.2 ..__ __________________ _
Figure 4.2
This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours
in a group of eight young men. Body temperature rises throughout the
waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest
point occurring during the very early morning hours.
. h
H po halamus
Pi hary gland
m gland
Suprac · asm · c
nu leus {SC )
Figure 4.3
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brain’s clock mechanism. The
clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina.
Figure 4.4
Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help
people maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people
working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.
– lrrilab lity – tncreas d h an rat v riability
– Cognitive imp irm nt – Ris of h an dis as
– Memory lapses or loss
– Im ir d mor I 1udgm nt
– s v r y wning
– Hallucinations
– Symptoms similar to ADHD
– Increased reaction time
– Decreas d accuracy
– Tremors
-Aches
– Impaired immune system
0th r:
– Growth suppression
– Risk of diabetes Typ 2 – Ris of ob sicy
– D ere d e
Figure 4.5
This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep
deprivation. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body
systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of
work by Mikael Häggström)
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.. I t , ► .. ~ I ♦ …. •· +. • 11• . …. • .. .. …. • • ‘-$: ~ ·~ – ,.. …. . ,.
• • •
Figure 4.6
This is a segment of a polysonograph (PSG), a recording of several physical variables
during sleep. The x-axis shows passage of time in seconds; this record includes 30
seconds of data. The location of the sets of electrode that produced each signal is
labeled on the y-axis. The red bo x encompasses EEG output, and the waveforms are
characteristic of a specific stage of sleep. Other curves show other sleep-related data,
such as body temperature, muscle activity, and heartbeat.
Sup ach1asmatic
nucleus (SCN)
Figure 4.7
The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep.
Figure 4.8
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.
(credit “sleeping”: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi)
2 4 6 8 0 12 14 16 18 20
Tim (s conds}
Figure 4.9
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.
Sleep
spindle
K-comptex
Figure 4.10
Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles
and K-complexes.
Figure 4.11
(a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize
(b) low-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep.
Figure 4.12
(a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment.
The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red b ox in (a),
look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness.
Awa
RE – – — – –
~
g, St ge 1 -(/)
a.
Q,) St g 2 —- -en
Stage 3 – ..
Sag 4 — – –
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours asl ep
Figure 4.13
A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a
period of sleep. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through
the various stages of sleep.
Figure 4.14
(a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b)
affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth.
Stimulants
P Amphet mines Haldol
R1sperdal Cocaine Caffeine N1coone Depressants
Figure 4.16
This figure illustrates various drug
categories and overlap among
them. (credit: modification of
work by Derrick Snider) 8enzod azepm
~ ‘ • • I
;
; I ,,e Figure 4.17
The GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel Figure 4.18
Crack rocks like these are
smoked to achieve a high.
Compared with other routes
of administration, smoking a
drug allows it to enter the
brain more rapidly, which user’s experience. (credit: Figure 4.19
As one of their
mechanisms of action,
cocaine and
amphetamines block the
reuptake of dopamine
from the synapse into the
presynaptic cell. Figure 4.20
(a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. (credit a: modification of work Figure 4.21
Psychedelic images like these are often a ssociated with hallucinogenic
compounds. (credit: modification of work by “new 1lluminati”/Flickr) Figure 4.22
Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the
United States.(credit: Laurie Avocado) Figure 4.23
Popular
portrayals of
hypnosis have
led to some
widely-held
misconceptions. Figure 4.24
(a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of Slide Psychology Slide Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure (b) Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure (b) by Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure (b) Figure
Khat
Ritalin tti~,. “‘ i
Seroquel
Theophy11tne
Theobromlne
11
I
uros roids
is embedded in the cell membrane of
certain neurons. The channel has
multiple receptor sites where alcohol,
barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
bind to exert their effects. The binding
of these molecules opens the chloride
channel, allowing negatively-charged
chloride ions (Cl-) into the neuron’s cell
body. Changing its charge in a
negative direction pushes the neuron
away from firing; thus, activating a
GABA neuron has a quieting effect on
the brain.
can often enhance the
modification of work by U.S.
Department of Justice)
needle exchange kit.
by Todd Huffman)
traditions of which meditation plays a part.
consciousness. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification
of work by Caleb Roenigk)
Span
Figure
Figure
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
4
STATE
OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
PowerPoint
PowerPoint
Image
Slideshow
Psychology
Psychology
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.1
Sleep,
which
we
all
experience, is a quiet
and
mysterious pause in our daily
lives.
Two
sleeping children
are depicted
in
this
1895 oil painting titled
Zwei
schlafende
Mädchen
auf der
Ofenbank
,
which
translates as
“two
sleeping
girls on
the
stove,” by
Swiss
painter
Albert
Anker.)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.2
This
chart illustrates
the
circadian change in
body temperature
over
28 hours
in a group of eight young men.
Body temperature
rises throughout
the
waking
day, peaking in
the afternoon, and
falls
during
sleep
with
the lowest
point occurring during
the
very
early morning
hours.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.3
The
suprachiasmatic nucleus
(SCN)
serves as
the
brain’s
clock
mechanism.
The
clock
clock
sets
itself
with
light information received
through projections
from
the
retina.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.4
Devices
like
this are designed to
provide exposure
to
bright light
to
help
people maintain a regular circadian cycle.
They
can be helpful for people
working
night shifts or for people
affected
by seasonal variations in
light.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.5
This
figure illustrates
some
of
the
negative consequences of sleep
deprivation.
While
cognitive deficits may
be the
most
obvious,
many
body
systems
are
negatively
impacted
by lack of sleep.
(credit:
modification of
work
by Mikael
Häggström)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.6
This is
a
segment
of a
polysonograph
(PSG),
a recording of several
physical variables
during sleep. The
x
–
axis shows
passage
of time
in
seconds;
this record includes
30
seconds of
data.
The
location
of
the sets
of electrode
that produced
each signal
is
labeled on
the
y
–
axis. The red box encompasses EEG
output, and the
waveforms
are
characteristic of a
specific stage
of sleep.
Other
curves show
other
sleep
–
related
data,
such as body
temperature,
muscle
activity, and
heartbeat.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.7
The
pineal
and pituitary
glands
secrete
a number of hormones
during
sleep.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.8
Brainwave
activity changes dramatically
across the
different
stages
of sleep.
(credit
“sleeping”: modification of
work
by Ryan
Vaarsi)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.9
Brainwave
activity changes dramatically
across the
different
stages
of
sleep.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.10
Stage
2 sleep is characterized by
the appearance
of
both
sleep
spindles
and
and
K
–
complexes.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.11
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Delta
waves, which are
low
frequency
and
high amplitude,
characterize
(b)
(b)
low
–
wave stage
3
and stage
4
sleep.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.12
(a)
A
period
of rapid eye movement is marked by
the short red
line
segment.
The
The
brain
waves associated
with
REM sleep, outlined in
the red box
in
(a)
,
look very similar
to those seen
(b)
during
wakefulness.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.13
A hypnogram is a
diagram
of
the stages
of sleep as
they
occur
during
a
period
of sleep.
This
hypnogram illustrates how
an
individual
moves
through
the
various
stages
of
sleep.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.14
(a)
A typical
CPAP
device used in
the treatment
of sleep
apnea
is
(b)
affixed
to the head
with
straps,
and
a mask
that
covers
the
nose
and
mouth.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.16
This
figure illustrates
various
drug
categories and
overlap
among
them. (credit:
modification of
work
by Derrick
Snider)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.17
The GABA
–
gated chloride (Cl
–
)
channel
is
embedded
in
the
cell
membrane of
certain
neurons. The channel has
multiple receptor
sites
where alcohol,
barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
bind to
exert
their
effects.
The
binding
of these molecules opens the chloride
channel,
allowing
negatively
–
charged
chloride
ions
(Cl
–
)
into
the neuron’s cell
body.
Changing
its
charge
in
a
negative
direction
pushes
the
neuron
away
from firing; thus, activating a
GABA neuron has a
quieting
effect
on
the
brain.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.18
Crack rocks like these
are
smoked
to
achieve a
high.
Compared with other
routes
of administration,
smoking
a
drug
allows
it
to
enter
the
brain
more
rapidly, which
can often enhance
the
user’s experience.
user’s experience.
(credit:
modification of work by
U.S.
Department
of
Justice)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.19
As
one of their
mechanisms of
action,
cocaine and
amphetamines
block
the
reuptake of dopamine
from
the
synapse
into
the
presynaptic
cell.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.20
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Common paraphernalia for heroin
preparation and
use
are
shown
here in a
needle exchange
kit.
(b)
(b)
Heroin
is cooked on a spoon
over
a candle.
(credit
a: modification of
work
by
Todd
Huffman)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.21
Psychedelic images
like
these are often associated
with
hallucinogenic
compounds.
(credit:
modification of
work
by “new
1lluminati”/Flickr)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.22
Medical
marijuana
shops are becoming
more
and
more common in
the
United States.(credit:
Laurie
Avocado)
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.23
Popular
portrayals of
hypnosis
have
led to
some
widely
–
held
m
i
sc
o
ncep
t
i
ons.
Slide
Span
Figure
Figure
Figure
4.24
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
This
is
a statue of a meditating
Buddha,
representing one of the
many
religious
traditions of
which
meditation
plays
a
part.
(b)
(b)
People practicing meditation
may
experience
an
alternate state of
consciousness.
(credit a:
modification of
work by
Jim
Epler;
credit
b:
modification
of
work by
Caleb
Roenigk)
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