Topic 3 DQ1
Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. Provide an example of how this is applied using a peer-reviewed, primary research article.
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.
Topic 3 DQ2
Select a research article that uses a randomized controlled trial focusing on a clinical nursing problem of your choice. Use this research article to address the following questions:
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.
Topic 4 DQ2
Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes. Identify the most reliable level of evidence and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from this level of evidence.
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.
Topic 5 DQ1
The theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods are very different, but many researchers believe both methods should be used in research studies to increase validity and reliability. What advantages or disadvantages do you see in using both types of methods in a nursing study? Provide an example of a nursing practice problem that could be studied using a mixed methods approach.
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.
Topic 5 DQ2
Nurses in various settings are adopting a research-based (or evidence-based) practice that incorporates research findings into their decisions and interactions with patients. Analyze the role nurses play in improving health care quality and safety through the use of evidence-based practice (EBP). How do you see this role being applied in your workplace? What internal stakeholder perspectives would you need to consider, including stakeholder support, in order to successfully implement an EBP project in your workplace?
Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.
CASP Checklist: 10 questions to help you make sense of a Qualitative research
How to use this appraisal tool: Three broad issues need to be considered when appraising a
qualitative study:
Are the results of the study valid? (Section A)
What are the results?
(Section B)
Will the results help locally?
(Section C)
The 10 questions on the following pages are designed to help you think about these issues
systematically. The first two questions are screening questions and can be answered quickly.
If the answer to both is “yes”, it is worth proceeding with the remaining questions. There is
some degree of overlap between the questions, you are asked to record a “yes”, “no” or
“can’t tell” to most of the questions. A number of italicised prompts are given after each
question. These are designed to remind you why the question is important. Record your
reasons for your answers in the spaces provided.
About: These checklists were designed to be used as educational pedagogic tools, as part of a
workshop setting, therefore we do not suggest a scoring system. The core CASP checklists
(randomised controlled trial & systematic review) were based on JAMA ‘Users’ guides to the
medical literature 1994 (adapted from Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, and Cook DJ), and piloted with
health care practitioners.
For each new checklist, a group of experts were assembled to develop and pilot the checklist
and the workshop format with which it would be used. Over the years overall adjustments
have been made to the format, but a recent survey of checklist users reiterated that the basic
format continues to be useful and appropriate.
Referencing: we recommend using the Harvard style citation, i.e.: Critical Appraisal Skills
Programme (2018). CASP (insert name of checklist i.e. Qualitative) Checklist. [online] Available
at: URL. Accessed: Date Accessed.
©CASP this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non-CommercialShare A like. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/3.0/ www.casp-uk.net
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) part of Oxford Centre for Triple Value Healthcare www.casp-uk.net
Paper for appraisal and reference:
Section A: Are the results valid?
1. Was there a clear
statement of the aims of
the research?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• what was the goal of the research
• why it was thought important
• its relevance
Comments:
2. Is a qualitative
methodology
appropriate?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If the research seeks to interpret or
illuminate the actions and/or subjective
experiences of research participants
• Is qualitative research the right
methodology for addressing the
research goal
Comments:
Is it worth continuing?
3. Was the research
design appropriate to
address the aims of the
research?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• if the researcher has justified the
research design (e.g. have they
discussed how they decided which
method to use)
Comments:
2
4. Was the recruitment
strategy appropriate to
the aims of the
research?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If the researcher has explained how the
participants were selected
• If they explained why the participants
they selected were the most
appropriate to provide access to the
type of knowledge sought by the study
• If there are any discussions around
recruitment (e.g. why some people
chose not to take part)
Comments:
5. Was the data collected in
a way that addressed the
research issue?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If the setting for the data collection was
justified
• If it is clear how data were collected (e.g.
focus group, semi-structured interview
etc.)
• If the researcher has justified the methods
chosen
• If the researcher has made the methods
explicit (e.g. for interview method, is there
an indication of how interviews are
conducted, or did they use a topic guide)
• If methods were modified during the
study. If so, has the researcher
explained how and why
• If the form of data is clear (e.g. tape
recordings, video material, notes etc.)
• If the researcher has discussed
saturation of data
Comments:
3
6. Has the relationship
between researcher and
participants been
adequately considered?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If the researcher critically
examined their own role,
potential bias and influence
during (a) formulation of the
research questions (b) data
collection, including sample
recruitment and choice of
location
• How the researcher responded to
events during the study and
whether they considered the
implications of any changes in the
research design
Comments:
Section B: What are the results?
7. Have ethical issues been
taken into consideration?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If there are sufficient details of how the
research was explained to participants for
the reader to assess whether ethical
standards were maintained
• If the researcher has discussed issues
raised by the study (e.g. issues around
informed consent or confidentiality or how
they have handled the effects of the study
on the participants during and after the
study)
• If approval has been sought from
the ethics committee
Comments:
4
8. Was the data analysis
sufficiently rigorous?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider
• If there is an in-depth description of the
analysis process
• If thematic analysis is used. If so, is it clear
how the categories/themes were derived
from the data
• Whether the researcher explains how the
data presented were selected from the
original sample to demonstrate the analysis
process
• If sufficient data are presented to support
the findings
• To what extent contradictory data are
taken into account
• Whether the researcher critically examined
their own role, potential bias and influence
during analysis and selection of data for
presentation
Comments:
9. Is there a clear statement
of findings?
Yes
Can’t Tell
No
HINT: Consider whether
• If the findings are explicit
• If there is adequate discussion of the
evidence both for and against the
researcher’s arguments
• If the researcher has discussed the
credibility of their findings (e.g.
triangulation, respondent validation, more
than one analyst)
• If the findings are discussed in relation to
the original research question
Comments:
5
Section C: Will the results help locally?
10. How valuable is the
research?
HINT: Consider
• If the researcher discusses the
contribution the study makes to existing
knowledge or understanding (e.g. do they
consider the findings in relation to current
practice or policy, or relevant researchbased literature
• If they identify new areas where research
is necessary
• If the researchers have discussed whether
or how the findings can be transferred to
other populations or considered other
ways the research may be used
Comments:
6
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