Sub: Telecommunication Systems and Management
Sometimes a big picture can help to give an idea of what is going on in a particular subject area. Examine Figure 1-1 (Chapter 1). Explain your basic understanding of WAN to WAN connections, LAN to LAN connections, and WAN to LAN connections. Explain how networks intercommunicate. Also explain the terms server, bridge, router, hub, node, communications network, and communications line.
APA format, and two references please
Chapter One
Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications
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After reading this chapter,
you should be able to:
Define the basic terms of computer networks
Recognize the individual components of the big picture of computer networks
Outline the common examples of communications networks
Define the term “convergence” and describe how it applies to computer networks
Cite the reasons for using a network architecture and explain how they apply to current network systems
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After reading this chapter,
you should be able to (continued):
List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and describe the duties of each layer
List the layers of the OSI model and describe the duties of each layer
Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model and list their differences and similarities
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Introduction
Who today has not used a computer network?
Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell phones, businesses and schools, and retail outlets support some form of computer network
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The Language of Computer Networks
Computer network – an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas
Local area network – networks that are small in geographic size spanning a room, floor, building, or campus
Metropolitan area network – networks that serve an area of 1 to 30 miles, approximately the size of a typical city
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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Wide area network – a large network that encompasses parts of states, multiple states, countries, and the world
Personal area network – a network of a few meters, between wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, and similar devices
Campus area network – a network that spans multiple buildings on a business or school campus
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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Voice network – a network that transmits only telephone signals (essentially xtinct)
Data network – a network that transmits voice and computer data (replacing voice networks)
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The Language of Computer Networks (continued)
Data communications – the transfer of digital or analog data using digital or analog signals
Telecommunications – the study of telephones and the systems that transmit telephone signals (becoming simply data communications)
Network management – the design, installation, and support of a network, including its hardware and software
Network cloud – a network (local or remote) that contains software, applications, and/or data
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The Big Picture of Networks
Networks are composed of many devices, including:
Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless phones, etc)
Servers
Network switches
Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN)
Network nodes and subnetworks
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The Big Picture of Networks (continued)
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Common Examples of Communications Networks
The desktop computer and the Internet
A laptop computer and a wireless connection
Cell phone networks
Industrial sensor-based systems
Mainframe systems
Satellite and microwave networks
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Common Examples of Communications Networks
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
Common throughout business, academic environments, and homes
Typically a medium- to high-speed connection
Computer (device) requires a NIC (network interface card)
NIC connects to a hub-like device (switch)
Often considered a client/server system
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
At work or at school – connection is typically some form of Ethernet
At home, for some, a dial-up modem is used to connect user’s microcomputer to an Internet service provider
Technologies such as DSL and cable modems are replacing dial-up modems
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The Desktop Computer and the Internet
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A Laptop Computer and a Wireless Connection
At work or at school – connection is typically some form of wireless Ethernet
Laptop wirelessly communicates with a wireless router or wireless access point
Wireless router is typically connected to a wired-network
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A Laptop Computer and a Wireless Connection
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Cell Phone Networks
Constantly expanding market across the U.S. and world
Third generation services available in many areas and under many types of plans with fourth generation services starting to appear
Latest generation includes higher speed data transfers (100s to 1000s of kilobits per second)
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Cell Phone Networks (continued)
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Industrial Sensor-based Systems
Not all local area networks deal with microcomputer workstations
Often found in industrial and laboratory environments
Assembly lines and robotic controls depend heavily on sensor-based local area networks
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Industrial Sensor-based Systems
(continued)
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Mainframe Systems
Predominant form in the 1960s and 1970s
Still used in many types of businesses for data entry and data retrieval
Few dumb terminals left today – most are microcomputers with terminal emulation card, a web browser and web interface, Telnet software, or a thin client
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Mainframe Systems (continued)
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Satellite and Microwave Networks
Typically long distance wireless connections
Many types of applications including long distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul data transfers, and wireless data services
Typically expensive services but many companies offer competitive services and rates
Newer shorter-distance services such as Wi-Max
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Satellite and Microwave Networks (continued)
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Network Architectures
A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and software necessary to transmit data between two points or for multiple devices / applications to interoperate
Reference models are necessary to increase likelihood that different components from different manufacturers will converse
Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two
bottom layers.
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
Application layer
Where the application using the network resides
Common network applications include web browsing, e-mail, file transfers, and remote logins
Transport layer
Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the end-points of the connection) necessary for presenting the data package properly to the sender or receiver
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer
Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network connections
Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g. router to router) within network
Network access (data link) layer
Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code, then transmitting it between the workstation and the network
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Application layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s application layer
Presentation layer
Responsible for “final presentation” of data (code conversions, compression, encryption)
Session layer
Responsible for establishing “sessions” between users
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Transport layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s transport layer
Network layer
Equivalent to TCP/IP’s network layer
Data link layer
Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued)
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques
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Logical and Physical Connections
A logical connection is one that exists only in the software, while a physical connection is one that exists in the hardware
Note that in a network architecture, only the lowest layer contains the physical connection, while all higher layers contain logical connections
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Logical and Physical Connections (continued)
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Logical and Physical Connections (continued)
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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action
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Summary
Many services and products that we use every day employ computer networks and data communications in some way
Field of data communications and computer networks includes data networks, voice networks, wireless networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and personal area networks
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Summary (continued)
Common examples of communications networks:
The desktop computer and the Internet
A laptop computer and a wireless connection
Cell phone networks
Industrial sensor-based systems
Mainframe systems
Satellite and microwave networks
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Summary (continued)
Key concept in networking is convergence
A network architecture, or communications model, places network pieces in layers
Layers define model for functions or services that need to be performed
The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet model and is composed of five layers (some show four):
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network access layer
Physical layer
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Summary (continued)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer
A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs, without a direct physical connection, between the sender and receiver at a particular layer
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Sub: Telecommunication Systems and Management
Read lecture slide Analyzing Network Business Goals (posted under this week) and reputable articles/journals and in your own words discuss: Why is it important to understand your customer’s business style before designing a network for them.
200 words and one reference
Network Design
Analyzing Business Goals and Constraints
1
Top-Down Network Design
Network design should be a complete process that matches business needs to available technology to deliver a system that will maximize an organization’s success.
In the LAN area it is more than just buying a few devices.
In the WAN area it is more than just calling the phone company.
Start at the Top
Don’t just start connecting the dots.
Analyze business and technical goals first.
Explore divisional and group structures to find out who the network serves and where they reside.
Determine what applications will run on the network and how those applications behave on a network.
Focus on Layer 7 and above first.
Layer 8 of the OSI model encompasses office politics, budgets, training, and other human factors.
Layers of the OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Layer 1
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Structured Design
A focus is placed on understanding data flow, data types, and processes that access or change the data.
A focus is placed on understanding the location and needs of user communities that access or change data and processes.
Several techniques and models can be used to characterize the existing system, new user requirements, and a structure for the future system.
A logical model is developed before the physical model.
The logical model represents the basic building blocks, divided by function, and the structure of the system.
The physical model represents devices and specific technologies and implementations.
Systems Development Life Cycles
SDLC: Does it mean Synchronous Data Link Control or Systems Development Life Cycle?
The latter for the purposes of this class!
Typical systems are developed and continue to exist over a period of time, often called a systems development life cycle (SDLC).
Analyze requirements
Develop logical design
Develop physical design
Test, optimize, and document design
Monitor and optimize network performance
Implement and test network
Top-Down Network Design Steps
Network Design Steps
Phase 1 – Analyze Requirements
Analyze business goals and constraints
Analyze technical goals and tradeoffs
Characterize the existing network
Characterize network traffic
Network Design Steps
Phase 2 – Logical Network Design
Design a network topology
Design models for addressing and naming
Select switching and routing protocols
Develop network security strategies
Develop network management strategies
Network Design Steps
Phase 3 – Physical Network Design
Select technologies and devices for campus networks
Select technologies and devices for enterprise networks
Network Design Steps
Phase 4 – Testing, Optimizing, and Documenting the Network Design
Test the network design
Optimize the network design
Document the network design
The PDIOO Network Life Cycle
Plan
Design
Implement
Operate
Optimize
Retire
Business Goals
Increase revenue
Reduce operating costs
Improve communications
Shorten product development cycle
Expand into worldwide markets
Build partnerships with other companies
Offer better customer support or new customer services
Recent Business Priorities
Mobility
Security
Resiliency (fault tolerance)
Business continuity after a disaster
Network projects must be prioritized based on fiscal goals
Networks must offer the low delay required for real-time applications such as VoIP
Resiliency means how much stress a network can handle and how quickly the network can rebound from problems, including security breaches, natural and unnatural disasters, human error, and catastrophic software or hardware failures.
Some experts, including Howard Berkowitz, have a mild dislike of the word “resiliency” as it sounds too much like a stretched rubber band or a trampoline. As Berkowitz says in his excellent book, WAN Survival Guide (Wiley 2001), “I avoid designing networks that stretch too far, bounce up and down, or oscillate between normal and backup states.”
So he likes “fault tolerance,” but he points out that it does not mean “immune to any conceivable threat.” Berkowitz states that, “A sufficient quantity of explosives can overcome the tolerance of any network.” 🙂
Business Constraints
Budget
Staffing
Schedule
Politics and policies
Collect Information Before the First Meeting
Before meeting with the client, whether internal or external, collect some basic business-related information
Such as
Products produced/Services supplied
Financial viability
Customers, suppliers, competitors
Competitive advantage
Meet With the Customer
Try to get
A concise statement of the goals of the project
What problem are they trying to solve?
How will new technology help them be more successful in their business?
What must happen for the project to succeed?
Meet With the Customer
What will happen if the project is a failure?
Is this a critical business function?
Is this project visible to upper management?
Who’s on your side?
Meet With the Customer
Discover any biases
For example
Will they only use certain company’s products?
Do they avoid certain technologies?
Do the data people look down on the voice people or vice versa?
Talk to the technical and management staff
Meet With the Customer
Get a copy of the organization chart
This will show the general structure of the organization
It will suggest users to account for
It will suggest geographical locations to account for
Meet With the Customer
Get a copy of the security policy
How does the policy affect the new design?
How does the new design affect the policy?
Is the policy so strict that you (the network designer) won’t be able to do your job?
Start cataloging network assets that security should protect
Hardware, software, applications, and data
Less obvious, but still important, intellectual property, trade secrets, and a company’s reputation
The Scope of the Design Project
Small in scope?
Allow sales people to access network via a VPN
Large in scope?
An entire redesign of an enterprise network
Use the OSI model to clarify the scope
New financial reporting application versus new routing protocol versus new data link (wireless, for example)
Does the scope fit the budget, capabilities of staff and consultants, schedule?
Gather More Detailed Information
Applications
Now and after the project is completed
Include both productivity applications and system management applications
User communities
Data stores
Protocols
Current logical and physical architecture
Current performance
User communities, data stores, protocols, and the current architecture and performance will be discussed in the next few chapters. This chapter focuses on business needs and applications, which should be the first area of research in a top-down network design project. Network design is iterative, however, so many topics are addressed more than once as the designer gathers more detailed information and conducts more precise planning. So, gaining a general understanding of the size and location of user communities, for example, might be appropriate at this stage of the design project, but user communities should be investigated again when characterizing network traffic.
Network Applications
Name of Application
Type of Application
New Application?
Criticality
Comments
Summary
Systematic approach
Focus first on business requirements and constraints, and applications
Gain an understanding of the customer’s corporate structure
Gain an understanding of the customer’s business style
Review Questions
What are the main phases of network design per the top-down network design approach?
What are the main phases of network design per the PDIOO approach?
Why is it important to understand your customer’s business style?
What are some typical business goals for organizations today?
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